太阳系物理与化学 : 第2版

Foreword xi

I Introduction

Nature and Scope of Planetary Science 1

Guide to the Literature 3

Numbers in Science 4

Dimensions and Units 5

Exercises 6

II Astronomical Perspective

Introduction 7

Distance Scales in the Universe 7

The Big Bang 10

Limitations on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 14

Galaxy and Star Formation 15

Structure and Classification of Galaxies 16

Classification of Stars 18

Foreword xi

I Introduction

Nature and Scope of Planetary Science 1

Guide to the Literature 3

Numbers in Science 4

Dimensions and Units 5

Exercises 6

II Astronomical Perspective

Introduction 7

Distance Scales in the Universe 7

The Big Bang 10

Limitations on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 14

Galaxy and Star Formation 15

Structure and Classification of Galaxies 16

Classification of Stars 18

Stellar Evolution 25

Star Clusters 27

Stellar Origins 29

Outline of Star Formation 33

Stellar Explosions and Nucleosynthesis 34

Nuclear Cosmochronology 43

Exercises 47

III General Description of

the Solar System

Introduction 50

The Sun 50

Orbits of the Planets 52

Changes in Orbital Motion 57

Properties of the Planets 58

Mass and Angular Momentum Distribution 59

Satellites 63

Asteroids 69

Comets 71

Meteors 72

Meteorites 72

Cosmic Dust 73

Cosmic Rays 73

Planetary Science in the Space Age 74

vii

Summary 76

Exercises 76

IV The Sun and the Solar Nebula

Introduction 77

Energy Production in the Sun 77

Energy Transport in the Sun 79

Internal Structure of the Sun 83

Surface of the Sun 84

The Chromosphere 87

The Corona 88

Discovery of the Solar Wind 90

Radio Wave Propagation in Space Plasmas 91

The Solar Wind 92

Chemistry of Solar Material 96

Ionization 97

Dissociation and Molecule Formation 100

Hydrogen and the Rare Gases 101

Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen 102

Magnesium and Silicon 105

Iron 106

Sulfur 107

Aluminum and Calcium 108

Sodium and Potassium 109

Nickel and Cobalt 110

Phosphorus and the Halogens 111

Geochemical Classification of the Elements 111

The Chemistry of Rapid Accretion 116

Kinetic Inhibition 117

Mass and Density of the Solar Nebula 118

Thermal Opacity in the Solar Nebula 121

Dust Opacity 129

Thermal Structure of the Nebula 131

Turbulence and Dust Sedimentation 134

Accretion of Rocks, Planetesimals,

and Planets 136

Gas Capture from the Solar Nebula 138

The T Tauri Phase 141

Thermal History of the Early Solar System 143

Exercises 144

V The Major Planets

Introduction 147

Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn: Data 148

Isothermal Interior Models of Jupiter

and Saturn 151

Thermal Models of Jupiter and Saturn 154

The Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn:

Observed Composition 156

Tropospheric Composition and Structure:

Theory 159

Cloud Condensation in the NH3–H2O–H2S

System 165

Cloud Physics on the Jovian Planets 174

Galileo Perspectives on Jovian Clouds 179

Ion Production in the Jovian Atmosphere 180

Visible and Infrared Radiative Transfer 183

Horizontal Structure and

Atmospheric Circulation 187

Photochemistry and Aeronomy 200

The Jovian Thermosphere 217

Radiophysics and Magnetospheres of Jupiter

and Saturn 218

The Interiors of Uranus and Neptune 229

Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune 238

Perspectives 247

Exercises 247

VI Pluto and the Icy Satellites of

the Outer Planets

Introduction 252

Surfaces of Icy Satellites 253

Eclipse Radiometry 256

Surface Temperatures 257

Surface Morphology of the Galilean

Satellites 258

Density and Composition of Icy Satellites 265

Internal Thermal Structure of Galilean

Satellites 267

Dynamical Interactions of the Galilean

Satellites 272

Thermal and Tectonic Evolution of Icy

Satellites 275

Minor Satellites of Jupiter 278

Planetary Rings 280

Titan 289

The Intermediate-Sized Saturnian Satellites 293

Minor Satellites of Saturn 296

Satellites of Uranus 299

Satellites of Neptune 303

The Pluto–Charon System 308

The Neptune–Pluto Resonance 311

Spacecraft Exploration 311

Exercises 312

VII Comets and Meteors

Historical Perspectives 317

Nature and Nomenclature of Comets 319

Cometary Orbits 321

Heating by Passing Stars 325

Evaporation and Nongravitational Forces 326

The Nucleus and Coma of P/Halley 328

Chemistry and Photochemistry of Water 328

Further Chemical Processes in the Coma

and Tail 332

Behavior of Small Particles 333

Dynamical Behavior of Dust in Space 334

Meteors 336

Cometary Fireballs 343

Cometary Impacts on Jupiter 344

Exercises 347

VIII Meteorites and Asteroids

Introduction 350

Introduction to Meteorites 350

Meteorite Orbits 353

Phenomena of Fall 355

Physical Properties of Meteorites 358

Meteorite Minerals 362

Taxonomy and Composition of Chondrites 362

Metamorphic Grades of Chondrites 367

Taxonomy and Composition of Achondrites 369

Taxonomy and Composition of Stony-Irons 371

Taxonomy and Composition of Irons 372

Isotopic Composition of Meteorites 375

Genetic Relationships between Meteorite

Classes 382

Introduction to Asteroids 384

Asteroid Orbits 386

Stability of Trojan and Plutino Orbits 389

Sizes, Shapes, and Albedos of Asteroids 391

Masses and Densities of Asteroids 393

Photometry and Spectroscopy of Asteroids 394

Thermal Evolution of Asteroids 401

Dynamical Evolution of the Asteroid Belt 406

Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects 409

Relationships among Asteroids, Meteorites,

and Comets 412

Radar Observations of Near-Earth Asteroids 415

Asteroid Resources 416

Exercises 419

IX The Airless Rocky Bodies: Io,

Phobos, Deimos, the Moon, and Mercury

Introduction 424

Orbits and Physical Structure of Phobos

and Deimos 426

Io: General Properties 430

Io: Surface Processes 430

Io: Internal Energy Sources 432

Io: Geology 433

Io: Atmospheric and Volcanic Gases 435

Io: Escape and the Plasma Torus 437

Io: Genetic Relationships 438

Impact Cratering 438

Motions of the Moon 443

Physical Properties of the Moon 445

Elemental Composition of the Moon’s

Surface 445

Lunar Rock Types 447

Lunar Minerals 449

Lunar Elemental Abundance Patterns 451

Geology of the Moon 451

Geophysics of the Moon 452

History of the Earth–Moon System 456

Origin and Internal Evolution of the Moon 458

Solar Wind Interaction with the Moon

and Mercury 460

The Planet Mercury 461

Motions of Mercury 461

Composition and Structure of Mercury 462

Noncrater Geology of Mercury 463

Geophysics of Mercury 463

Atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon 468

Polar Deposits on Mercury and the Moon 469

Unfinished Business 472

Exercises 474

X The Terrestrial Planets: Mars,

Venus, and Earth

Introduction 477

Mars 478

Motions of Mars 479

Density and Figure of Mars 479

Geophysical Data on Mars 481

Gravity and Tectonics of Mars 483

Geology of Mars 483

Surface Composition 496

Viking Lander Investigations 503

The Shergottite, Nakhlite, and

Chassignite Meteorites 505

Atmospheric Structure 508

Atmospheric Circulation 509

Atmospheric Composition 510

Photochemical Stability and

Atmospheric Escape 513

Explosive Blowoff 519

Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere 519

Organic Matter and the Origin of Life 522

Venus 524

Motions and Dynamics of Venus 526

Geophysical Data on Venus 526

Geology of Venus 528

Venus: Atmospheric Structure and

Motions 534

Venus: Atmospheric Composition 537

Venus: Atmosphere–Lithosphere

Interactions 539

Venus: Photochemistry and Aeronomy 543

Venus: Atmospheric Escape 547

Venus: Planetary Evolution 549

Earth 550

Earth: Motions 551

Earth: Internal Structure 552

Earth: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere 554

Earth: Surface Geology 554

Earth: Early Geological History 557

Earth: Biological History 559

Earth: Geochemistry and Petrology 563

Weathering in the Rock Cycle 566

Earth: Atmospheric Composition

and Cycles 568

Radiocarbon Dating 573

Stable Isotope Climate Records 574

Photochemistry and Aeronomy 575

Escape and Infall 575

Climate History, Polar Ice, and Ice Ages 579

Life: Origins 582

Life: Stability of the Biosphere 587

Exercises 588

XI Planets and Life around

Other Stars

Chemical and Physical Prerequisites of Life 592

The Planetary Environment 595

The Stellar Environment 597

Brown Dwarfs 600

The Search for Planets of Other Stars 603

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 606

Exercises 608

XII Future Prospects

Mercury 611

Venus 612

Earth’s Moon 612

Mars 613

Asteroids 614

Jupiter 615

Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 615

Pluto 615

Comets 616

Beyond the Solar System 616

Appendix I: Equilibrium

Thermodynamics 621

Heat and Work 621

Adiabatic Processes and Entropy 622

Useful Work and the Gibbs Free Energy 623

Chemical Equilibrium 623

Exact and Complete Differentials 624

The Maxwell Relations 625

Appendix II: Absorption and

Emission of Radiation by

Quantum Oscillators 626

Appendix III: Exploration of the

Solar System 629

Appendix IV: Basic Physical

Constants 634

Appendix V: Gravity Fields 635

Suggested Readings

Introduction 637

Chapter I–Introduction 637

Chapter II–Astronomical Perspective 637

Chapter III–General Description of the

Solar System 638

Chapter IV–The Sun and the Solar Nebula 638

Chapter V–The Major Planets 638

Chapter VI–Pluto and the Icy Satellites of the

Outer Planets 639

Chapter VII–Comets and Meteors 639

Chapter VIII–Meteorites and Asteroids 639

Chapter IX–The Airless Rocky Bodies: Io, Phobos,

Deimos, the Moon, and Mercury 640

Chapter X–The Terrestrial Planets: Mars, Venus,

and Earth 640

Chapter XI–Planets and Life

around Other Stars 641

Chapter XII–Future Prospects 642

Index 643

《太阳系物理与化学（第二版）（英文影印版）》全面介绍了太阳系的行星物理学和物理化学，覆盖了当前这些领域的研究以及受益于地面和空间实验的行星科学。这些实验构成了这本巧妙融合了归纳和阐释的参考书的基础。本书在详细讨论大行星的同时，对小行星、彗星，已经其他小天体也都作了讨论。本书可作为天文学家、物理学家和行星科学家的参考书，也可以用作他们授课的教材。

《太阳系物理与化学（第二版）（英文影印版）》是引进自爱思唯尔出版集团的学术专著。地球只有一个，太阳系也只有一个。我们在探索这个世界时，首先要探索的就是我们的太阳系。这本书内容非常丰富，而且图文并茂，非常适合阅读。这一领域的研究者不能错过这本佳作。