宁波话元音的语音学研究

Chapter One： Introduction

1.1 General theoretical background of vowel production

1.2 Purpose and the scope of this study

1.3 Introductioof Ningbo Chinese

1.4 Outline of the study

Chapter Two： The acoustic phoic values of the Ningbo vowels

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Methodology

2.2.1 Test material

2.2.2 Speakers and recording

2.2.3 Data analysis

2.3 Results and discussion

2.3.1 Results and discussioof the Ningbo normal-length vowels

2.3.1.1 Aoverview

2.3.1.2 Vowel height

2.3.1.3 Vowel backness

2.3.1.4 Lip rounding

2.3.2 Results of the Ningbo short vowels

2.3.3 Acoustic characteristics of the Ningbo apical vowels

2.3.4 Vowel normalizatioand discussioothe sex difference

2.4 Conclusion

Chapter Three： Aacoustic phoic analysis of the Ningbo diphthongs and triphthong

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Methodology

3.2.1 Test material

3.2.2 Speakers and recording

3.2.3 Data analysis

3.3 Results and discussion

3.3.1 Duratioresults and discussion

3.3.2 Spectral results and discussion

3.3.3 Dynamic aspects

3.4 Conclusioand general discussion

Chapter Four： Aarticulatory analysis of the Ningbo vowels

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Methodology

4.2.1 Speakers and test material

4.2.2 Equipment

4.2.3 Procedures

4.2.4 Analysis

4.3 Results and discussion

4.3.1 Lingual configurations of the Ningbo normal-length vowels

4.3.2 A PARAFAC modeling

4.3.3 Jaw opening and its coordinatiowith tongue movements

4.3.4 Lip rounding

4.3.5 Articulatory characteristics of the Ningbo short vowels

4.3.6 Articulatioof the Ningbo apical vowels

4.4 Conclusion

Chapter Five： Aartieulatory analysis of the Ningbo diphthongs and triphthong

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Methodology

5.2.1 Speakers and test material

5.2.2 Equipment and procedures

5.2.3 Analysis

5.3 Results and discussion

5.3.1 Diphthong targets and their movement

5.3.1.1 Articulatioof the falling diphthongs

A.Diphthong （ai）

B.Diphthong （au）

C.Diphthong （cey）

A Summary of the articulatiofor the falling Diphthongs iNingbo

5.3.1.2 Articulatioof the rising diphthongs

D.Diphthong （ia）

E.Diphthong （ie？）

F.Diphthong （io）

G.Diphthong （yo？）

H.Diphthong （ua）

I.Diphthong （ua？）

J.Diphthong （ue）

A Summary of the articulatiofor the rising diphthongs iNingbo

A Summary of the diphthong productioiNingbo

5.3.1.3 Articulatioof the triphthong

5.3.2 Articulator kinematics of the diphthongs

5.3.2.1 Average velocity

5.3.2.2 Peak velocity and the time to peak velocity

5.4 Conclusion

Chapter Six： Acoustic， artieulatory， and aerodynamic aspects of the nasal vowels and vowel nasalizatioiNingbo Chinese

6.1 Introduciton

6.2 The acoustic and articulatory studies

6.2.1 Procedures

6.2.2 Results and discussion

6.2.2.1 Spectral results

6.2.2.2 The articulatory configurations of the nasal vowels

6.2.3 Summary

6.3 The aerodynamic study

6.3.1 Methodological considerations

6.3.2 Procedures

6.3.3 Results and discussion

6.3.3.I The temporal structure of the nasal vowels and vowel nasalization

6.3.3.2 Nasality of the nasal vowels and vowel NasalizatioiNingbo

6.3.4 Summary

6.4 Conclusion

Chapter Seven： Conclusioand general discussion

7.1 Vowel features from the acoustic， articulatory， and aerodynamic perspectives

7.1.1 Vowel height and vowel backness

7.1.2 Lip rounding

7.1.3 Nasality

7.1.4 Duration

7.1.5 Apical vowels

7.2 Articulatioand acoustics of diphthongs

7.3 General discussioof the articualtory-to-acoustic relations

References

Appendix Ⅰ： Ningbo Vowel formant data

Appendix Ⅱ： Ningbo diphthong formant data

Appendix Ⅲ： Ningbo triphthong formant data

Appendix Ⅳ： The articulatory data for the Ningbo diphthongs

Appendix Ⅴ： The artieulatory data for the Ningbo triphthong

后记

《宁波话元音的语音学研究》使用声学采样、发音生理、空气动力学实验等科学手段对宁波方言的元音产生进行了全面的语音学分析，不仅验证了元音产生过程中具有人类语言普遍性的舌运动机制。而且揭示了宁波方言特有的圆唇特征，探讨了汉语方言特有的舌尖元音的性质等具有理论意义的语音现象。同时。通过对发音运动的建模检视了元音产生过程中的生理与声学一感知之间的关系。

胡方远编*的《宁波话元音的语音学研究》使用声学采样、发音生理、空气动力学实验等科学手段对宁波方言的元音产生进行了全面的语音学分析，不仅验证了元音产生过程中具有人类语言普遍性的舌运动机制，而且揭示了宁波方言特有的圆唇特征，探讨了汉语方言特有的舌尖元音的性质等具有理论意义的语音现象。同时，通过对发音运动的建模检视了元音产生过程中的生理与声学-感知之间的关系。因此，本书不仅仅是对一个方言元音的细致描写，对于揭示人类语言元音产生的一般机制也具有重要参考价值。