系统分析与设计

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1

Introduction 2

The Systems Development Life Cycle 4

Planning 6

Analysis 6

Design 7

Implementation 7

Systems Development Methodologies 8

Structured Design 10

RapidApplication Development （RAD） 12

Agile Development 16

Selecting the Appropriate Development Methodology 18

Project Team Skills and Roles 20

Business Analyst 21

Systems Analyst 22

Infrastructure Analyst 22

Change Management Analyst 22

Project Manager 23

Summary 23

PART ONE PLANNING PHASE 29

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT INITIATION 31

Introduction 32

ProJect Identification 33

System Request 35

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 36

Feasibility Analysis 39

Technical Feasibility 39

Economic Feasibility 40

Organizational Feasibility 46

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 49

ProJect Selection 52

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 53

Summary 55

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 61

Introduction 62

Identifying Project Size 62

Function Point Approach 64

Creating and Managing the Workplan 70

Identify Tasks 70

The Project Workplan 72

Gantt Chart 72

PERT Chart 74

Refining Estimates 75

Scope Management 77

Timeboxing 78

Staffing the Project 79

Staffing Plan 79

Motivation 82

Handling Conflict 83

Coordinating Project Activities 84

CASE Tools 84

Standards 85

Documentation 86

Managing Risk 87

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 89

Staffing the Project 92

Coordinating Project Activities 93

Summary 93

PART TWO ANALYSIS PHASE 99

CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION 101

Introduction 102

Requirements Determination 103

what is a Requirement? 103

Requirements Definition 106

Determining Requirements 107

Creating the Requirements Definition 108

Requirements Analysis Techniques 108

Business Process Automation 109

Business Process Improvement 110

Business Process Reen gineering 113

Comparing Analysis Techniques 114

Requirements-Gathering Techniques 116

Requirements-Gathering in Practice 117

Interviews 118

JointApplication Development （JAD） 125

Questionnaires 128

Document Analysis 131

Observation 133

Selecting the Appropriate Techniques 134

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 136

Requirements Analysis Techniques 136

Requirements-Gathering Techniques 136

Requirements Definition 137

System Proposal 138

Summary 139

CHAPTER 5 USE CASE ANALYSIS 143

Introduction 148

Use Cases 149

Elements of a Use Case 149

Building Use Cases 151

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 155

Identifying the Major Use Cases 155

Identifying the Major Steps for Each Use Case 158

Identifying the Elements within Steps 162

Confirming the Use Case 162

Revising the Requirements Definition 166

Summary 166

CHAPTER 6 PROCESS MODELING 171

Introduction 172

Data Flow Diagrams 172

Reading Data Flow Diagrams 172

Elements of Data Flow Diagrams 174

Using Data Flow Diagrams to Define Business Processes 176

Process Descriptions 180

Creating Data Flow Diagrams 180

Creating the Context Diagram 182

Creating Data Flow Diagram Fragments 182

Creating the Level 0 Flow Diagram 184

Creating Level I Data Flow Diagrams （and Below） 185

Validating the Data Flow Diagrams 188

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 191

Creating the Context Diagram 192

Creating Data Flow Diagram Fragments 192

Creating the Level 0 Data Flow Diagram 193

Creating Level I Data Flow Diagrams （and Below） 194

Validating the Data Flow Diagrams 198

Summary 198

Appendix A： Process Modeling at Custom MetalWorks 202

CHAPTER 7 DATA MODELING 211

Introduction 212

The Entity Relationship Diagram 212

Reading an Entity Relationship Diagram 213

Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram 214

The Data Dictionary and Metadata 219

Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram 220

Building Entity Relationship Diagrams 221

Advanced Syntax 224

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 227

Validating and ERD 230

Design Guidelines 230

Normalization 233

Balancing Entity Relationship Diagrams with Data Flow Diagrams 238

Summary 240

Appendix A： Data Modeling at Custom MetalWorks 245

PART THREE DESIGN PHASE 251

CHAPTER 8 MOVING INTO DESIGN 255

Introduction 254

Transition from Requirements to Design 254

System Acquisition Strategies 257

Custom Development 257

Packaged Softwa re 258

Outsourcing 260

Influences on Acquisition Strategy 261

Business Need 262

In-house Experience 262

Project Skills 263

Project Management 263

Time Frame 264

Selecting an Acquisition Strategy 264

Alternative Matrix 265

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 267

Summary 269

CHAPTER 9 ARCHITEcTuRE DESIGN 273

Introduction 274

Elements of an Architecture Design 274

Architectural Components 274

Server-Based Architectures 275

Client-Based Architectures 275

Client-Server Architectures 276

Client-Server Tiers 278

Comparing Architecture Options 280

Creating an Architecture Design 282

Operational Requirements 283

Performance Requirements 284

Security Requirements 286

Cultural and Political Requirements 291

Designing the Architecture 293

Hardware and Software Specification 295

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 297

Creating an Architecture Design 297

Hardware and Software Specification 300

Summary 300

CHAPTER 10 USER INTERFACE DESIGN 305

Introduction 306

Principles for User Interface Design 306

Layout 307

Content Awareness 309

Aesthetics 311

User Experience 313

Consistency 314

Minim ize Us er Effo rit 314

User Interface Design Process 315

Use Scenario Development 316

Interface Structure Design 317

Interface Standards Design 319

Interface Design Prototyping 321

Interface Evaluation 323

Navigation Design 325

Basic Principles 325

Types of Navigation Controls 326

Messages 330

Input Design 331

Basic Principles 331

Types of Inputs 334

Input Validation 334

Output Design 337

Basic Principles 337

Types of outputs 340

Media 340

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 342

Use Scenario Development 342

Interface Structure Design 342

Interface Standards Design 346

Interface Template Design 346

DesignPrototyping 347

Interface Evaluation 348

Summary 348

CHAPTER 11 PROGRAM DESIGN 357

Introduction 358

Moving from Logical to Physical Process Models 358

The Physical Data Flow Diagram 358

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 362

Designing Programs 363

Structure Chart 366

Syntax 366

Building the Structure Chart 369

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 372

Design Guidelines 376

Program Specification 382

Syntax 382

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 385

Summary 388

CHAPTER 12 DATA STORAGE DESIGN397

Introduction 398

Data Storage Formats 398

Files 399

Databases 401

Selecting a Storage Format 407

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 409

Moving from Logical to Physical Data Models 410

The Physical Entity Relationship Diagram 410

Revisiting the CRUD Matrix 414

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 414

Optimizing Data Storage 416

Optimizing Storage Efficiency 417

Optimizing Access Speed 419

Estimating Storage Size 424

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 426

Summary 428

PART FOUR IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 435

CHAPTER 13 MOVING INTO IMPLEMENTATION 437

Introduction 438

Managing the Programming Process 438

Assigning Programming Tasks 438

Coordinating A ctivities 439

Managing the Schedule 440

Testing 441

Test Planning 442

Unit Tests 445

Integration Tests 445

System Tests 447

Acceptance Tests 447

Developing Documentation 447

Types of Documentation 449

Designing Documentation Structure 449

Writing Documentation Topics 451

Identifying Navigation Terms 452

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 454

Managing Programming 454

Testing 454

Developing User Documentation 457

Summary 458

CHAPTER 14 TRANSITION TO THE NEW SYSTEM 463

Introduction 464

Making the Transition to the New System 464

The Migration Plan 465

Selecting a Conversion Strategy 466

Preparing a Business Contingency Plan 470

Preparing the Technology 472

Preparing People for the New System 473

Understanding Resistance to Change 473

Revising Management Policies 475

Assessing Costs and Benefits 476

Motivating Adoption 478

Enabling Adoption： Training 480

Postimplementation Activities 482

System Support 482

System Maintenance 483

Project Assessment 486

Applying the Concepts at CD Selections 488

Implementation Process 488

Preparing the People 489

Postimplementation Activities 489

Summary 489

CHAPTER 15 THE MOVEMENT TO OBJECTS 495

Introduction 496

Basic Characteristics of Object-Oriented Systems 497

Classes and Objects 497

Methods and Messages 498

Encapsulation and Information Hiding 498

Inheritance 499

Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding 500

Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design 502

Use Case Driven 502

Architecture Centric 503

Iterative and Incremental 503

Benefits of Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design 503

Unified Modeling Language Version 2.0 504

The Rational Unified Process （RUP） 506

Four Fundamental UML Diagrams 506

Use Case Diagram 507

Elements of a Use Case Diagram 509

Creating a Use Case Diagram 512

Class Diagram 514

Elements of a Class Diagram 515

Simplifying Class Diagrams 520

Creating a Class Diagram 521

Sequence Diagram 525

Creating a Sequence Diagram 526

Behavioral State Machine Diagram 529

Elements of a Behavioral State Machine Diagram 530

Creating a Behavioral State Machine Diagram 531

Summary 533

INDEX 541

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