有机化学中的生物转化 : 第6版

1 Introduction and Background lnformation1.1 Introduction1.2 Common Prejudices Against Enzymes1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysts1.3.1 Advantages of Biocatalysts1.3.2 Disadvantages of Biocatalysts1.3.3 Isolated Enzymes vs. Whole Cell Systems1.4 Enzyme Properties and Nomenclature1.4.1 Structural Biology in a Nutshell1.4.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Enzyme Catalysis1.4.3 Classification and Nomenclature1.4.4 Coenzymes1.4.5 Enzyme SourcesReferences2 Biocatalytic Applications2.1 Hydrolytic Reactions2.1.1 Mechanistic and Kinetic Aspects2.1.2 Hydrolysis ofthe Amide Bond2.1.3 EsterHydrolysis2.1.4 Hydrolysis and Formation ofPhosphate Esters2.1.5 Hydrolysis ofEpoxides2.1.6 Hydrolysis of Nitriles2.2 Reduction Reactions2.2.1 Recycling ofCofactors2.2.2 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using IsolatedEnzymes2.2.3 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Whole Cells2.2.4 Reduction of C-C-Bonds2.3 Oxidation Reactions2.3.1 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes2.3.2 Oxygenation Reactions2.3.3 Peroxidation Reactions2.4 Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds2.4.1 Aldol Reactions2.4.2 Thiamine-Dependent Acyloin and Benzoin Reactions2.4.3 Michael-Type Additions2.5 Addition and Elimination Reactions2.5.1 Cyanohydrin Formation2.5.2 Addition of Water2.5.3 Addition of Ammonia2.6 Transfer Reactions2.6.1 Glycosyl Transfer Reactions2.6.2 Amino Transfer Reactions2.7 Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions2.7.1 Halogenation2.7.2 DehalogenationReferences3 SpeciaI Techniques3.1 Enzymes in Organic Solvents3.1.1 Ester Synthesis3.1.2 Lactone Synthesis3.1.3 Amide Synthesis3.1.4 Peptide Synthesis3.1.5 Peracid Synthesis3.1.6 Redox Reactions3.1.7 Medium Engineering3.2 Immobilization3.3 Artificial and Modified Enzymes3.3.1 Artificial Enzyme Mimics3.3.2 Modified Enzymes3.3.3 Catalytic AntibodiesReferences4 State of the Art and OutlookReferences5 Appendix5.1 Basic Rules for Handling Biocatalysts5.2 Abbreviations5.3 Suppliers of Enzymes5.4 Commonly Used Enzyme Preparations5.5 MajorCulture Collections5.6 Pathogenic Bacteria and FungiIndex

The point of this textbook is to provide a condensed introduction to this field. It is written from an organic chemist's viewpoint in order to encourage more 'pure' organic chenusts of any level to take a deep breath and leap over the gap between the 'biochemical' sciences and 'synthetic organic chemistry' by persuading them to consider biocatalytic methods as an equivalent tool when they are planning the synthesis of an important target molecule. At several academic institutions this book has served as a guide for updating a dusty organic chemistry curriculum into which biochemical methods had to be incorporated. The wide repertoire of classic synthetic methods has not changed but it has been significantly widened and enriched due to the appearance of biochemical methods.