工程材料的结构与性能

SECTION 1

Introductory Materials

Concepts 1

Chapter 1

Structure and Properties

1.1 Atomic Packing 2

1.2 Crystal Structure 7

1.3 Grain Structure 12

1.4 Mechanical Properties and Testine 16

1.5 Physical Properties 26

1.6 Characteristics of Unalloyed Solids 32

Chapter 2

Deterioration of Material

Properties 44

2.1 Fracture in a Ductile Material 46

2.2 Fracture in a Brittle Material 47

2.3 Suppression of Brittle Fracture 49

2.4 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 52

2.5 Property Deterioration at High Temperature 53

2.6 Property Deterioration from Cyclic Loading 56

SECTION 2

Strengthening Mechanisms 59

Chapter 3

Solid-Solution Strengthening 60

3.1 Formation of Solid Solutions 60

3.2 Mechanism of Solidification 62

3.3 Solidification of Pure Metals 65

3.4 Solidification of Metal Alloys 68

3.5 Diffusion 71

3.6 Segregation in Metal Alloys 76

3.7 Real Solid Solutions 79

3.8 General Properties of Solid Solutions 80

Chapter 4

Deformation Hardening and

Annealing 86

4.1 Plasticity of Metals 86

4.2 Property Changes in Deformation-Hardened Metals 95

4.3 Annealing 98

4.4 Property Changes in Annealed Metals 105

4.5 Preferred Orientation and Directional Properties 107

Chapter 5

Multiphase Strengthening 111

5.1 Binary Eutectics 111

5.2 Intermetallic Compounds 114

5.3 Multicomponent Eutectics 115

5.4 Microstmcture of Multiphase Materials 116

5.5 Generalized Properties of Multiphase Materials 124

Chapter 6

Precipitation Hardening 127

6.1 General Mechanism of Precipitation Hardening 127

6.2 Precipitation from Solid Solution 129

6.3 Stages of Precipitation Hardening 131

6.4 Variables Affecting Precipitation Hardening 136

6.5 Precipitation Hardening of Cu-Be Alloys 141

Chapter 7

Martensitic Transformation 144

7.1 The Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram 144

7.2 Alloys of Iron and Carbon 147

7.3 Microstructure of Nonharclened Steel 151

7.4 Heat Treatment of Eutectoid Steel 156

7.5 The Martensite Transformation 160

7.6 Heat Treatment of Noneutectoid Steels 165

7.7 Physical Property Changes During Martensite Formation 169

7.8 Tempering of Martensite 171

7.9 Microstructure of Isothermally Transformed Steel 173

7.10 Generalized Properties of Heat-Treated Steels 183

SECTION 3

Metallic Materials

Engineering 188

Chapter 8

Low-Carbon Steels 189

8.1 Terms Related to Steelmaking Processes 189

8.2 Grain Size of Steel 191

8.3 Nonhardenable Low-Carbon Steels 193

8.4 High-Strength， Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steels 200

8.5 Welding of Low-Carbon Steel 203

8.6 Surface Hardening of Low-Carbon Steel 206

Chapter 9

Medium-Carbon Steels 211

9.1 Classification of Medium-Carbon Steels 212

9.2 Hardenable Carbon Steels 214

9.3 Hardenable Alloy Steels 216

9.4 Austempering and Marquenching 223

9.5 Ultra-High-Strength Steels 224

9.6 Special Processing of Steel 227

Chapter 10

High-Carbon Steels 230

10.1 Classification of High-Carbon Steels 230

10.2 Heat Treatment of High-Carbon Steels 232

10.3 Cemented Carbides 245

Chapter 11..

Stainless Steels 248

11.1 Phase Diagrams of Stainless Steels 248

11.2 Stainless-Steel Alloy Designations 252

11.3 Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels 253

11.4 Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels 254

11.5 Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels 257

Chapter 12

Cast Irons 263

12.1 Cast Iron (Fe-C-Si) Phase Diagram 263

12.2 Gray Cast Iron Solidification 264

12.3 Ductile Cast Iron Solidification 268

12.4 Concepts of Graphitization in Cast Iron 269

12.5 Properties of Cast Irons 272

Chapter 13

Aluminum Alloys 279

13.1 Work-Hardenable Wrought Aluminum Alloys 281

13.2 Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys 282

13.3 Cast Aluminum Alloys 284

13.4 Residual Stresses in Aluminum Alloys 295

13.5 Aluminum-Lithium Alloys 299

Chapter 14

Copper and Copper Alloys 303

14.1 Copper Alloy Designations 303

14.2 Unalloyed Coppers 304

14.3 Brasses： Cu-Zn Alloys 307

14.4 Tin Bronzes： Cu-Sn Alloys 318

14.5 Silicon and Aluminum Bronzes 320

14.6 Cast Copper-Base Alloys 321

Chapter 15

Magnesium Alloys 323

15.1 Magnesium Alloy Designations 323

15.2 The Nature of Magnesium Alloying 326

15.3 Cast Magnesium Alloys 328

15.4 Properties of Magnesium Alloys 337

Chapter 16

Titanium Alloys 342

16.1 Unalloyed Titanium 342

16.2 Phase Diagrams of Titanium Alloys 345

16.3 Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys 351

16.4 Properties of Titanium Alloys 353

16.5 Applications of Titanium Alloys Problems 359

Chapter 17

Metals for High-Temperature Service 360

17.1 High-Temperature Performance of Refractory Metals 361

17.2 Nickel- and Iron-Base Superalloys 364

17.3 Cobalt-Base Superalloys 370

17.4 Vanadium， Niobium， and Tantalum 373

17.5 Chromium， Molybdenum， and Tungsten 378

17.6 Refractory Metal Coatings 383

SECTION 4

Nonmetallic Materials and

Composites Engineering 386

Chapter 18

Engineering Polymers 387

18.1 Bonding and Structure in Polymers 388

18.2 Generalized Properties of Polymers 394

18.3 Olefin， Vinyl， and Related Polymers 398

18.4 Thermoplastic Polymers 402

18.5 Thermosetting Polymers 405

18.6 Elastomeric Polymers 407

Chapter 19

Ceramics and Glasses 410

19.1 A Ceramic Phase Diagram (AL2O3-SIO2) 410

19.2 Traditional Ceramics： Clay， Refractories， and Abrasives 411

19.3 Structure and Properties of Engineering Ceramics 415

19.4 Characteristics of Glass 416

Chapter 20

Composite Materials 425

20.1 Forms and Properties of Composite Reinforcing Materials 426

20.2 Forms and Properties of Composite Matrix Materials 430

20.3 Metal Matrix Composites 432

20.4 Polymer Matrix Composites 434

20.5 Ceramic Matrix Composites 436

20.6 Carbon and Graphite Composites 436

Index 439

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