软件开发的形式化工程方法：结构化+面向对象+形式化

1 Introduction　1.1 Software Life Cycle　1.2 The Problem　1.3 Formal Methods　　1.3.1 What Are Formal Methods　 1.3.2 Some Commonly Used Formal Methods　 1.3.3 Challenges to Formal Methods　1.4 Formal Engineering Methods　1.5 What Is SOFL　1.6 A Little History of SOFL　1.7 Comparison with Related Work　1.8 Exercises2 Propositional Logic　2.1 Propositions　2.2 Operators

1 Introduction　1.1 Software Life Cycle　1.2 The Problem　1.3 Formal Methods　　1.3.1 What Are Formal Methods　 1.3.2 Some Commonly Used Formal Methods　 1.3.3 Challenges to Formal Methods　1.4 Formal Engineering Methods　1.5 What Is SOFL　1.6 A Little History of SOFL　1.7 Comparison with Related Work　1.8 Exercises2 Propositional Logic　2.1 Propositions　2.2 Operators　2.3 Conjunction　2.4 Disjunction　2.5 Negation　2.6 Implication　2.7 Equivalence　2.8 Tautology, Contradiction, and Contingency　2.9 Normal Forms　2.10 Sequent　2.11 Proof　　2.11.1 Inference Rules　　2.11.2 Rules for Conjunction　 2.11.3 Rules for Disjunction　 2.11.4 Rules for Negation　 2.11.5 Rules for Implication　 2.11.6 Rules for Equivalence　 2.11.7 Properties of Propositional Expressions　2.12 Exercises3 Predicate Logic　3.1 Predicates　3.2 Quantifiers　　3.2.1 The Universal Quantifier　　3.2.2 The Existential Quantifier　 3.2.3 Quantified Expressions with Multiple Bound Variables　 3.2.4 Multiple Quantifiers　 3.2.5 de Morgan's Laws　3.3 Substitution　3.4 Proof in Predicate Logic　 3.4.1 Introduction and Elimination of Existential Quantifiers　 3.4.2 Introduction and Elimination of Universal Quantifiers 3.5 Validity and Satisfaction 3.6 Treatment of Partial Predicates 3.7 Formal Specification with Predicates 3.8 Exercises4 The Module 4.1 Module for Abstraction 4.2 Condition Data Flow Diagrams 4.3 Processes 4.4 Data Flows 4.5 Data Stores 4.6 Convention for Names 4.7 Conditional Structures 4.8 Merging and Separating Structures 4.9 Diverging Structures 4.10 Renaming Structure 4.11 Connecting Structures 4.12 Important Issues on CDFDs　　4.12.1 Starting Processes　 4.12.2 Starting Nodes　 4.12.3 Terminating Processes　 4.12.4 Terminating Nodes　 4.12.5 Enabling and Executing a CDFD　 4.12.6 Restriction on Parallel Processes　 4.12.7 Disconnected CDFDs　 4.12.8 External Processes 4.13 Associating CDFD with a Module 4.14 How to Write Comments 4.15 A Module for the ATM　4.16 Compound Expressions　 4.16.1 The if-then-else Expression　 4.16.2 The let Expression　 4.16.3 The case Expression　 4.16.4 Reference to Pre and Postconditions　4.17 Function Definitions　 4.17.1 Explicit and Implicit Specifications　 4.17.2 Recursive Functions　4.18 Exercises5 Hierarchical CDFDs and Modules　5.1 Process Decomposition　5.2 Handling Stores in Decomposition　5.3 Input and Output Data Flows　5.4 The Correctness of Decomposition　5.5 Scope　5.6 Exercises6 Explicit Specifications　6.1 The Structure of an Explicit Specification　6.2 Assignment Statement　6.3 Sequential Statements 6.4 Conditional Statements 6.5 Multiple Choice Statements 6.6 The Block Statement 6.7 The While Statement 6.8 Method Invocation 6.9 Input and Output Statements 6.10 Example 6.11 Exercises7 Basic Data Types 7.1 The Numeric Types 7.2 The Character Type 7.3 The Enumeration Types 7.4 The Boolean Type 7.5 An Example 7.6 Exercises8 The Set Types 8.1 What Is a Set　8.2 Set Type Declaration　8.3 Constructors and Operators on Sets　 8.3.1 Constructors　 8.3.2 Operators　8.4 Specification with Set Types　8.5 Exercises9 The Sequence and String Types　9.1 What Is a Sequence　9.2 Sequence Type Declarations　9.3 Constructors and Operators on Sequences　 9.3.1 Constructors　 9.3.2 Operators　9.4 Specifications Using Sequences　 9.4.1 Input and Output Module　 9.4.2 Membership Management System 9.5 Exercises10 The Composite and Product Types　10.1 Composite Types　　10.1.1 Constructing a Composite Type　　10.1.2 Fields Inheritance　　10.1.3 Constructor　　10.1.4 Operators　　10.1.5 Comparison　10.2 Product Types　10.3 An Example of Specification 10.4 Exercises11 The Map Types　11.1 What Is a Map　11.2 The Type Constructor　11.3 Operators　　11.3.1 Constructors　　11.3.2 Operators 11.4 Specification Using a Map 11.5 Exercises12 The Union Types　12.1 Union Type Declaration　12.2 A Special Union Type　12.3 Is Function　12.4 A Specification with a Union Type　12.5 Exercises13 Classes　13.1 Classes and Objects　　13.1.1 Class Definition　　13.1.2 Objects　　13.1.3 Identity of Objects　13.2 Reference and Access Control　13.3 The Reference of a Current Object　13.4 Inheritance　　13.4.1 What Is Inheritance　　13.4.2 Superclasses and Subclasses　　13.4.3 Constructor　　13.4.4 Method Overloading　　13.4.5 Method Overriding　　13.4.6 Garbage Collection　13.5 Polymorphism　13.6 Generic Classes　13.7 An Example of Class Hierarchy　13.8 Example of Using Objects in Modules　13.9 Exercises14 The Software Development Process　14.1 Software Process Using SOFL　14.2 Requirements Analysis　 14.2.1 The Informal Specification　 14.2.2 The Semi-formal Specification　14.3 Abstract Design　14.4 Evolution　14.5 Detailed Design　 14.5.1 Transformation from Implicit to Explicit Specifications　 14.5.2 Transformation from Structured to Object-Oriented　Specifications　14.6 Program　14.7 Validation and Verification　14.8 Adapting the Process to Specific Applications　14.9 Exercises15 Approaches to Constructing Specifications　15.1 The Top-Down Approach　 15.1.1 The CDFD-Module-First Strategy　 15.1.2 The CDFD-Hierarchy-First Strategy　 15.1.3 The Modules and Classes　15.2 The Middle-out Approach　15.3 Comparison of the Approaches　15.4 Exercises16 A Case Study - Modeling an ATM　16.1 Informal User Requirements Specification　16.2 Semi-formal Functional Specification　16.3 Formal Abstract Design Specification　16.4 Formal Detailed Design Specification　16.5 Summary　16.6 Exercises17 Rigorous Review　17.1 The Principle of Rigorous Review　17.2 Properties　　17.2.1 Internal Consistency of a Process　 17.2.2 Invariant-Conformance Consistency　 17.2.3 Satisfiability　 17.2.4 Internal Consistency of CDFD 17.3 Review Task Tree　 17.3.1 Review Task Tree Notation　 17.3.2 Minimal Cut Sets　 17.3.3 Review Evaluation 17.4 Property Review　 17.4.1 Review of Consistency Between Process and Invariant　 17.4.2 Process Consistency Review　 17.4.3 Review of Process Satisfiability　 17.4.4 Review of Internal Consistency of CDFD 17.5 Constructive and Critical Review 17.6 Important Points 17.7 Exercises18 Specification Testing 18.1 The Process of Testing 18.2 Unit Testing　 18.2.1 Process Testing　 18.2.2 Invariant Testing 18.3 Criteria for Test Case Generation 18.4 Integration Testing　 18.4.1 Testing Sequential Constructs　 18.4.2 Testing Conditional Constructs　 18.4.3 Testing Decompositions 18.5 Exercises 19 Transformation from Designs to Programs 19.1 Transformation of Data Types 19.2 Transformation of Modules and Classes 19.3 Transformation of Processes　 19.3.1 Transformation of Single-Port Processes　 19.3.2 Transformation of Multiple-Port Processes　19.4 Transformation of CDFD　19.5 Exercises20 Intelligent Software Engineering Environment　20.1 Software Engineering Environment　20.2 Intelligent Software Engineering Environment　20.3 Ways to Build an ISEE　 20.3.1 Domain-Driven Approach　 20.3.2 Method-Driven Approach　 20.3.3 Combination of Both　20.4 ISEE and Formalization　20.5 ISEE for SOFL 20.5.1 Support for Requirements Analysis　 20.5.2 Support for Abstract Design　 20.5.3 Support for Refinement　 20.5.4 Support for Verification and Validation　 20.5.5 Support for Transformation　 20.5.6 Support for Program Testing　 20.5.7 Support for System Modification　 20.5.8 Support for Process Management　20.6 Exercises References　　A Syntax of SOFL　　A.1 Specifications　　A.2 Modules　 A.3 Processes　　A.4 Functions　 A.5 Classes　 A.6 Types　 A.7 Expressions　 A.8 Ordinary Expressions　　 A.8.1 Compound Expressions　 　 A.8.2 Unary Expressions　 　 A.8.3 Binary Expressions　 　 A.8.4 Apply Expressions　 　 A.8.5 Basic Expressions　 　 A.8.6 Constants　 　 A.8.7 Simple Variables　 　 A.8.8 Special Keywords　　 A.8.9 Set Expressions　 　 A.8.10 Sequence Expressions　 　 A.8.11 Map Expressions　 　 A.8.12 Composite Expressions　 　 A.8.13 Product Expressions A.9 Predicate Expressions　　 A.9.1 Boolean Variables　　 A.9.2 Relational Expressions　　 A.9.3 Conjunction　　 A.9.4 Disjunction　　 A.9.5 Implication　　 A.9.6 Equivalence　　 A.9.7 Negation　　 A.9.8 Quantified Expressions　　A.10 Identifiers　　　A. 11 Character　　　A. 12 CommentsIndex

本书首次开创了一个新技术，即形式化工程方法，把传统的形式化方法和软件工程有机结合起来。它提供了一个严密、系统、有效的软件开发方法，其实用性超过了目前所有形式化方法。这正好可以满足学术界、软件工程类学生对学习形式化工程方法和SOFL的迫切需求。　　本书通俗易懂，实例丰富，可满足读者即学即用的需要。书中对软件开发中的形式化工程方法进行了介绍和讨论，内容涵盖SE 2004中关于“软件的形式化方法”的知识点，主要包括：有限状态机、Statechart、Petri网、通信顺序进程、通信系统演算、一阶逻辑、程序正确性证明、时态逻辑、模型检验、2、VDM和Larch等。本书可作为计算机、软件工程等专业高年级本科生或研究生的教学用书，也可供相关领域的研究人员和工程技术人员参考。

唯一论述软件形式化方法与现有软件工程完美结合的英文教材，旨在增强现有软件开发技术的严密性，系统性，有效性以及工具的可支撑性，有效性以及工具的可支撑性，适合高年级本科生、研究生使用。　　在软件开发领域，形式化方法涉及数学符号和微积分的使用，此类方法很难应用到面临着具体局限的大型系统中，这些局限包括开发者技能有限、时间和财务预算限制以及不断变化的需求。针对这些现状，书中介绍了形式化方法，提倡在软件工程过程中采用数学符号，从而从根本上增强行业中常用开发方法的准确性、全面性和有效性。　　本书对SOFL（Stured Object-Oriented Formal Language）方法进行了介绍，此方法由作者设计并已经通过行业验证。本书包含大量练习和重要的实际案例，有助于读者迅速理解并成功将这种方法运用于项目之中。　　Such books are to be whole-heartedly welcomde they are wretten with an acute understanding of the issues for desingers of useful software. ——Cliff B.Jones University of Newcastle upon Tyne　　Probably the best coverage of any formal treatment I have seen. 　　　　　　——Peter Lindsay University of Queensland