语言学重点难点探析

Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学

1．1 What is language？什么是语言？

1．2 What is linguistics？什么是语言学？

1．3 What are the major branches of linguistics？语言学有哪些分支学科？

1．4 Why is language human specific？为什么语言是人类特有的？

1．5 What is arbitrariness？什么是任意性？

1．6 What is duality？什么是双重性？

1．7 What is productivity？什么是能产性？

1．8 What is displacement？什么是移位性？

1．9 What is cultural transmission？什么是文化传递性？

1．10 What is interChangeab山ty？什么是互换性？

1．11 What functions does language have？语言有哪些功能？

1．12 What is phatic function？什么是酬应功能？

1．13 What is interpersonal function？什么是人际功能？

1．14 What is informative function？什么是信息功能？

1．15 What is interrogative function？什么是询问功能？

1．16 What is emotive function？什么是表情功能？

1．17 What is evocative function？什么是感染功能？

1．18 What is performative function？什么是施为功能？

1．19 What is recreational function？什么是娱乐功能？

1．20 What is metalingual function？什么是元语言功能？

1．2l What are synchronic and diachronic studies？什么是共时研究和历时研究？

1．22 What is the difference between speech and writing？语言和文字有什么差别？

1．23 What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive study？描写性研究与规定性研究有何区别？

1．24 What is the difference between langue and parole？语言和言语有何K~JJI？

1．25 What is the competence/performance distinction？语言能力和语言运用有何差异？

1．26 What is the difference between linguistic potential and actual linguistic behavior？语言潜势和实际语言行为有何区别？

Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology语音学与音位学

2．1 What is phonetics？什么是语音学？

2．2 What makes the speech organs？发音器官是如何构造的？

2．3 What is place ofarticulation？什么是发音部位？

2．4 What is manner ofarticulation？什么是发音方式？

2．5 How to describe the English consonants？如何描述英语辅音？

2．6 How to classify vowels？元音如何分类？

2．7 What is meant by assimilation and deletion？什么是同化和省略？

2．8 What is IPA？什么是国际音标？

2．9 What is narrow and broad transcription？什么是严式标音和宽式标音？

2．10 What is phonology？什么是音位学？

2．11 What is the relationship between phonetics and phonology？语音学和音位学有什么联系？

2．12 What are phones，phonemes and allophones？什么是音子、音位和音位变体？

2．13 What is a minimal pair？什么是最小对立体？

2．14 What is contrastive distribution？什么是对比分布？

2．15 What is free variation？什么是自由变异？

2．16 What is complementary distribution？什么是互补分布？

2．17 Howtojudgewhetherthe soundsdistinguishmeaning？如何判断音是否区别语义？

2．18 What are distinctive features and non-distinctive features？什么是区别性特征和非区别性特征？

2．19 What are sequential rules？什么是序列规则？

2．20 Whatis suprasegmentalphonology？什么是超音段音位学？

2．21 What is syllable，stress，tone and intonation？什么是音节、重音、声调和语调？

Chapter 3 Morphology and Lexicology形态学与词汇学

3．1 What is morphology？什么是形态学？

3．2 How to distinguish between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes？如何区别屈折词缀和派生词缀？

3．3 What are morphs，morphemes and allomorphs？什么是语子、语素和语素变体？

3．4 How to classify morphemes and what are free and bound morphemes？如何给语素分类？什么是自由语素和粘着语素？

3．5 What is the difierence between root， stem， base and affix？词根、词干、词基和词缀有何区别？

3．6 What is a word？什么是词？

3．7 How to classify words？如何把词分类？

3．8 What is lexicology and what is word-formation？什么是词汇学和构词法？

3．9 What is affixation？什么是词缀法？

3．10 What is conversion？什么叫转类法？

3．11 What are compounds？什么是合成词？

3．12 What is clipping？什么是截短法？

3．13 What is acronymy？什么是首字母缩略法？

3．14 What is blending？什么是拼缀法？

3．15 What is back．formation？什么是逆生法？

3．16 What is analogical creation？什么是类比构词？

3．17 What is borrowing？什么是外借词？

Chapter 4 Grammar/Syntax语法学

4．1 What is grammar and what is syntax？什么是语法？什么是句法？

4．2 what is a sentence？什么是句子？

4．3 What are the syntactic relations？什么是句法关系？

4．4 What is IC Analysis？什么是直接成分分析法？

4．5 What are endocentric and exocentric constructions？什么是向心结构和离心结构？

4．6 What is grammatical category？什么是语法范畴？

4．7 What is number？什么是数？

4．8 What is gender？什么是性？

4．9 What is case？什么是格？

4．10 What is tense and aspect？什么是时态和体？

4．11 What is Transformational-Generative Grammar？什么是转换生成语法？

4．12 What is special about TG Grammar？转换生成语法的特殊之处是什么？

4．13 What is Innateness Hypothesis？什么是语言天赋说？

4．14 What is Universal Grammar？什么叫普遍语法？

4．15 What is X-Bar Theory？X-杠理论指什么？

4．16 What is case grammar？什么是格语法？

4．17 What is systemic．functional grammar？什么是系统功能语法？

4．18 What is scale and category grammar？什么是阶和范畴语法？

4．19 What is transitivity？什么是及物性？

4．20 What is appraisal system？什么是评价系统？

4．21 What is text linguistics？什么是语篇学？

4．22 What is cohesion？什么是衔接？

4．23 What is coherence？什么是连贯？

4．24 What is the difference between theme and rheme？主位和述位有何区别？

4．25 What is functional sentence perspective？什么是句子功能观？

Chapter 5 Semantics语义学

5．1 What is semantics？什么是语义学？

5．2 what is meaning？什么是意义？

5．3 What is sense and reference？什么是意义和指称？

5．4 How many kinds of meaning do linguists study？语言学家研究哪几种意义？

5．5 what is the Semantic Triangle？什么是语义三角？

5．6 what is contextualism in semantics？语义学的语境论有什么观点？

5．7 What is synonymy and how to classify synonyms？什么是同义现象？同义词如何分类？

5．8 what is antonymy and how to classify antonyms？什么是反义现象？反义词如何分类？

5．9 What is hyponymy？什么是上下义关系？

5．10 What is polysemy？什么是多义现象？

5．11 What is homonymy？什么是同音／同形异义现象？

5．12 What is componential analysis？什么是成分分析法？

5．13 what is entailment？什么是蕴涵？

5．14 What is predication analysis？什么是述谓分析？

Chapter 6 Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学

6．1 What is cognitive linguistics？什么是认知语言学？

6．2 What is Prototype Theory？什么是原型范畴理论？

6．3 What is image schema？什么是意象图式？

6．4 What is ICM？什么是理想化认知模型？

6．5 What is iconicity？什么是象似性？

6．6 What ale metaphor and metonymy in cognitive linguistics？什么是认知语言学的隐喻和转喻？

Chapter 7 Pragmatics语用学

7．1 What is pragmatics？什么是语用学？

7．2 What is the relationship between pragmatics and semantics？语用学和语义学有什么联系？

7．3 What IS the ditYerence between sentence meaning and utterance meaning？句子含义和话语含义有什么区别？

7．4 What is Speech Act Theory？什么是言语行为理论？

7．5 What are assertives，directives，commissives，expressives and declaratives？什么是阐述类、指令类、承诺类、表情类和宣告类(言语行为)？

7．6 What is indirect speech act？什么是间接言语行为？

7．7 What is felicity condition？什么是切当条件？

7．8 What is Cooperative Principle？什么是合作原则？

7．9 What is conversational implicature？什么是会话含义？

7．10 What ale characteristics ofconversational implicature？会话含义有哪些特征？

7．11 What is Politeness Principle？什么是礼貌原则？

7．12 What is context？什么是语境？

7．13 What is deixis？什么是指示？

7．14 What is person deixis？什么是人称指示？

7．15 What is space deixis？什么是方位指示？

7．16 What is time deixis？什么是时间指示？

7．17 What is discourse deixis？什么是篇章指示语？

7．18 What is social deixis？什么是社会指示？

7．19 What is presupposition？什么是预设？

7．20 What are adjacency pairs and preferred second parts？什么是相邻对和优先应对？

7．21 What is relevance theory and principle of relevance？什么是关联理论及关联原则？

Chapter 8 Sociolinguisties社会语言学

8．1 What is sociolinguistics？什么是社会语言学？

8．2 What is speech community？什么是语言社团？

8．3 What is regional dialect？什么是地域方言？

8．4 What is temporal dialect？什么是时间方言？

8．5 What is sociolect？什么是社会方言？

8．6 What is idiolect？什么是个人方言？

8．7 What is discourse？什么是话语？

8．8 What is pidgin？什么是洋泾浜？

8．9 What is creole？什么是混合语？

8．10 What is bilingualism and what is diglossia？什么是双语制和双语体？

8．11 What is code-switching？什么是语码转换？

8．12 What is the Sapir-WhorfHypothesis？什么是萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说？

Chapter 9 Second Language Acquisition and Language Teaching二语习得与语言教学

9．1 What is applied linguistics？什么是应用语言学？

9．2 What is language acquisition？什么是语言习得？

9．3 What are the basic assumptions of Krashen's Monitor Model？克拉申监察理论的主要内容是什么？

9．4 What is Critical Period Hypothesis？什么是关键期假说？

9．5 What is interlanguage and fossilization？什么是中介语和石化？

9．6 What is error analysis？什么是错误分析？

Chapter 10 Linguistic Theories and Schools语言学理论和流派

10．1 What contributions did Saussure make to general linguistics？索绪尔为语言学做出了什么贡献？

10．2 What contributions did the Prague School make？布拉格学派有什么贡献？

10．3 What contributions did the London School make？伦敦学派有什么贡献？

10．4 What is structuralist linguistics？什么是结构主义语言学？

10．5 What is American structuralism？什么是美国结构主义语言学？

References参考文献

宋英杰编著的《语言学重点难点探析》内容包括语言学基本概念、语音和音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、认知语言学、社会语言学、语用学、二语习得与语言教学、语言学流派等板决。其中认知语言学、社会语言学、二语习得、语言学流派在其他书中少有介绍，或各有取舍、侧重。因此希望本书能够引起读者对这几个领域的兴趣，起到“入门”的指导作用。本书针对语言学主要领域近两百个核心问题进行英汉对照解答和分析，既有语言学家的核心思想又有对有关论题的解释、探讨以及扩展，全面介绍了应用语言学研究领域最新的课题及研究成果，代表了学术界的主流观点．这些问题均是高校英语专业学生在语言学课程中的重点和难点，既可以为学生解除疑问，又方便学生应试用英文答题。一问一答的优点在于使读者抓住问题的症结，单刀直入，逐个突破，更重要的是，中英文各有侧重，相得益彰，同时拓展的学术观点也为师生科研提供了参考。