固体物理学现代教程

1 drude theory of metals

1.1 drude model of a metal

1.2 basic assumptions in the drude theory

1.3 equation of motion

1.4 electrical conductivity of a metal

1.5 hall effect and magnetoresistance

1.6 thermal conductivity of a metal

1.7 inadequacies of the drude model

problems

2 sommerfeld theory of metals

2.1 single-electron energy levels

2.2 ground state of the electron gas

2.3 finite-temperature properties of the electron gas

2.4 conductions in metals

2.5 inaccuracies of the sommerfeld theory

problems

3 bravais lattice

3.1 definition of a bravais lattice

3.2 primitive vectors

3.3 primitive unit cell

3.4 wigner-seitz cell

3.5 conventional unit cell

3.6 lattice vectors

3.7 bravais lattices in two dimensions

3.8 bravais lattices in three dimensions

3.9 mathematical description of a bravais lattice

problems

4 point groups

4.1 point symmetry operations

4.2 group

4.3 point groups for crystal structures

problems

5 classification of bravais lattices

5.1 lattice centerings

5.2 criteria of classification of bravais lattices

5.3 seven crystal systems

5.4 crystallographic point groups

5.5 summary

problems

6 space groups of crystal structures

6.1 nonsymmorphic symmetry operations

6.2 notation of a space group

6.3 symmorphic space groups

6.4 nonsymmorphic space groups

6.5 typical crystal structures

problems

7 scattering of x-rays by a crystal

7.1 general description of x-ray scattering

7.2 scattering of x-rays by an atom

7.3 scattering of x-rays by a primitive cell

7.4 scattering of x-rays by a crystal

problems

8 reciprocal lattice

8.1 derivation of the reciprocal lattice

8.2 reciprocal lattices of two-dimensional bravais lattices

8.3 reciprocal lattices of three-dimensional bravais lattices

8.4 brillouin zones

8.5 reciprocal lattice vectors and lattice planes

8.6 alternative definition of miller indices

8.7 interplanar distances in families of lattice planes

problems

9 theories and experiments of x-ray diffraction

9.1 characteristic x-ray lines

9.2 braggs theory of x-ray diffraction

9.3 von laues theory of x-ray diffraction

9.4 equivalence of braggs and von laues theories

9.5 experimental methods of x-ray diffraction

9.6 diffraction by a polyatomic crystal with a basis

problems

10 crystal structure by neutron diffraction

10.1 neutrons

10.2 elastic neutron scattering

10.3 powder diffraction

10.4 pair distribution function analysis

10.5 neutron and x-ray diffraction

10.6 rietveld profile refinement

problems

11 bonding in solids

11.1 ionic bonds

11.2 covalent bonds

11.3 metallic bonds

11.4 van der waals bonds

11.5 hydrogen bonds

11.6 classificatiofi of crystalline solids

problems

12 cohesion of solids

12.1 definition of energies of cohesion

12.2 cohesive energies of molecular crystals

12.3 lattice energies of ionic crystals

12.4 cohesive er/ergies of alkali metals

problems

13 normal modes of lattice vibrations

13.1 born-oppenheimer approximation

13.2 lattice potential energy and harmonic approximation

13.3 normal modes of a one-dimensional crystal

13.4 normal modes of a one-dimensional ionic crystal

13.5 normal modes of a 3d monatomic crystal

13.6 normal modes of a 3d crystal with a basis

problems

14 quantum theory of lattice vibrations

14.1 classical theory of the lattice specific heat

14.2 quantization of lattice vibrations

14.3 phonon density of states

14.4 lattice specific heat of solids

14.5 debye model

14.6 einstein model

14.7 effect of thermal expansion on phonon frequencies

14.8 specific heat of a metal

problems

15 inelastic neutron scattering by phonons

15.1 experimental techniques

15.2 description of neutron scattering

15.3 double differential cross-section

15.4 elastic scattering

15.5 inelastic scattering

15.6 phonon dispersion relations in tetragonal lacu204

problems

16 origin of electronic energy bands

16.1 blochs theorem

16.2 periodic 5-potentials

16.3 schemes for displaying electronic band structure

16.4 free-electron band structures

16.5 fermi surface

16.6 density of states in an energy band

16.7 electronic band structures of real solids

16.8 group velocity of an electron in an energy band

problems

17 electrons in a weak periodic potential

17.1 one-dimensional weak periodic potential

17.2 three-dimensional weak periodic potential

problems

18 methods for band structure computations

18.1 fundamental problem in an electronic energy band theory

18.2 hartree-fock method

18.3 plane-wave method

18.4 k·p method

18.5 augmented-plane-wave method

18.6 linearized-augmented-plane-wave method

18.7 linear-muffin-tin-orbitals method

18.8 kkr method

18.9 orthogonalized-plane-wave method

18.10 tight-binding method

problems

19 dynamics of bloch electrons in electric fields

19.1 velocity of an electron in a single-electron state

19.2 semiclassical equation of motion

19.3 current density

19.4 holes

19.5 bloch oscillations

19.6 wannier-bloch and wannier-stark states

problems

20 fundamentals of semiconductors

20.1 classification of semiconductors

20.2 electronic band structures of semiconductors

20.3 intrinsic semiconductors

20.4 hnpurity states

20.5 semiconductor statistics

20.6 electrical conductivity and mobility

20.7 excitons

20.8 carrier diffusion

problems

index

physical constants

mathematical constants and formulas

Solid State Physics is the study of the state of solids. Its development is accompanied by the development of modern science and technology. It contains many fundamental concepts that are essential to a great number of branches of science， including those within as well as those outside physics. An exhausted list of these branches is intimidating. Here we just name a few： Condensed matter physics， material science， semiconductor physics， laser physics， spin-tronics， physical optics， electric engineering， and electronic engineering. In solids， there exist a variety of particles （including quasiparticles and elementary excitations） and interactions among them. These particles and interactions determine the potential applications of various solids. For example， the peculiar band structure of electrons in semiconductors lead to transis-tors that are the heart of everything electronic; the electron-photon interactions lead to laser diodes， photodiodes， and CCDs （coupled charge diodes）; the electron-phonon interactions lead to piezoelectric materials; the electron spin-charge interactions lead to spintronics and quantum computation; the macroscopic quantum phenomena of electrons in metallic solids lead to superconductivity， with the strong correlation of electrons leading to high temperature superconductivity. Thus， it can be said that Solid State Physics is the study of the prop-erties of various particles in solids and the interactions among these particles as well as the interactions of these particles with external fields. Electrons and nuclei （or valence electrons and ions） are the basic constituents of solids， with many other quasiparticles or elementary excitations arising due to the interactions among themselves or due to their interactions with external fields.