固体中的概念 : 固体理论讲义

1. IntroductionA. Preparation and TextsB. Plan of the CourseC Generalities and Classification of Solids2. One-Electron TheoryA. Hartree-Fock Theory1. General Philosophy of Hartree-Fock2. Derivation of Self-Consistent Equations： Second QuantizationB. Energy Bands in Solids1. Perturbation Theory for Weak Periodic Potential： Brillouin and Jone Zones and Symmetrized Plane Waves2. The Cellular Method： Quantitative Calculation of Binding Energy3. Exchange and Correlation in the Free-Electron Gas4. The O.P.W. MethodC. One-Electron Band Theory in the Presence of Perturbing Fields1. Introduction2. Weakly Bound Impurity States3. Motion in External Fields4. Breakdown" Effects5. Rigorous Basis of Effective Hamiltonian Theory3. Elementary ExcitationsA. The Idea of Elementary Excitations： Generalities on Many-Body Theory1. The Variational Theorem2. The Exclusion Principle3. Screening4. The Concept of Elementary ExcitationsB. The N+1 Body Problem1. Quasi-Particles2. Effects of Phonons in the N+1 Body ProblemC. Quasi-Particles in Metals： The Fermi LiquidD. Collective Excitations1. Excitons2. Spin Waves： Heisenberg Hamiltonian and the Magnetic State3. Ferromagnetic Spin Waves4. Antiferromagnetic Spin Waves and "Broken Symmetry"Bibliography

These notes were for a course given at the Cavendish Laboratory， Cambridge，in the fall and winter terms of 1961-1962. Nominally， it was for second- and third-year graduate　　students who had had a survey course in solid-state physics， and were interested (at least) in theory； but I assumed very litte fonnal theoretical background. I think the nores can be read by anyone who has had a thorough course in quantum mechanics， but the reader who knows something about solids will find them much easier， and will also not be misguided by my rather arbitrary and specialized choice of material.　　The idea of the course was to teach a number of central concepts of solid-state physics， trying to choose those - band theory， nearly free electrons， effective Hamilto-nian theory， elementary excitations， broken symmetry - which lay as near as possible to what I consider to be the main stream of development of the subject. Such a choice is necessarily arbitrary - whose fields， su ch as dislocation theory， transport theory and fluctuation-dissipation theorems， magnetic resonance theory in all its forms， and critical fluctuations， which could easily be argued to be quite as important， were ignored， simply because the course was of f/nite length. My choice of examples was even more arbitrary.Forinstance， the choices of the electric field case of effective Hamiltonian theory and of excitons to illustrate collective excitations were made because I thought the students were likely to encounter the more usual examples elsewhere. From time to time， to liven the course up a bit， I introduced original material； the discussions of the limitations of nearly free electron theory， of the philosophies of elementary excitation theory， and of broken symmetry are new， and that of the magnetic state is not widely available.　　Thelanguage and presentation are very informal； very few changes were made from my original lecture notes as written. I might add that little effort has been made to bring them up to date. Both Iinutations are ofcourse implicit in the idea of a lecture note volume.【作者简介】P. W. Anderson，Philip W. Anderson has been the Joseph Henry Professor of Physics at Princeton University since 1978. Professor Anderson received his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University in 1949. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 for work in condensed matter physics. He has taught at Cambridge University (1967-1975) and has been a Fellow and Honorary Fellow at Jesus College (1969-1975) and a Visiting Fellow at Churclull College， Cambridge University (1961-1962). From 1949 to 1984 Dr. Anderson served at Bell Laboratories as Chairman of the Theoretical Physics Department (1959-1961)，Assistant Director of the Physical Research Laboratory (1974-1976) and as Consulting Director of the Physical Research Laboratory (1976-1984). In addition to the Nobel Prize，Professor Anderson's honors include the Oliver E. Buckjey Prize of the APS (1964)， the Dannie Heineman Prize of the Academy of Science at Gottinger (1975)， the Guthrie Medal and Prize (1978)， the National Medal of Science (1983)， the Foreign Association Academia Lincei (1985) and an Honorary Fellowship from the Instirute ofPhysics (1985).He is a member of the American Philosophical Society and has been a Foreign Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences， a Foreign Fellow of the Japan Academy of Sciences， a Foreign Member to the Royal Society and has been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences Council. He has lectured at the University of Wisconsin， Duke University， the University of Califomia at San Diego，and Harvard University.