化学. 时代行进中的科学

Preface xiv Media Resources for Itructo xix To the Student xxii

Highlights of the Twelfth Edition xxiv

1 Chemistry

1.1 Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge 2

1.2 The Baconian Dream and the Caonian Nightmare 3

1.3 Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative,

Predictive, and Explanatory 4

1.4 The Limitatio of Science 7

1.5 Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits 8

1.6 Chemistry: Its Central Role 10

1.7 Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research

11

1.8 Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes 13

1.9 Classification of Matter 16

1.10 The Measurement of Matter 19

1.11 Deity 25

1.12 Energy: Heat and Temperature 28

1.13 Critical Thinking 32

Preface xiv Media Resources for Itructo xix To the Student xxii

Highlights of the Twelfth Edition xxiv

1 Chemistry

1.1 Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge 2

1.2 The Baconian Dream and the Caonian Nightmare 3

1.3 Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative,

Predictive, and Explanatory 4

1.4 The Limitatio of Science 7

1.5 Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits 8

1.6 Chemistry: Its Central Role 10

1.7 Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research

11

1.8 Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes 13

1.9 Classification of Matter 16

1.10 The Measurement of Matter 19

1.11 Deity 25

1.12 Energy: Heat and Temperature 28

1.13 Critical Thinking 32

Summary 34 . Review Questio 35 . Problems 35 .

Additional Problems 38 . Collaborative Group Projects

39

2 Atoms 41

2.1 Atoms: The Greek Idea 42

2.2 Lavoisier: The Law of Coervation of Mass 43

2.3 Proust: The Law of Definite Proportio 44

2.4 John Dalton: The Atomic Theory of Matter 46

2.5 Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table 51

2.6 Atoms and Molecules: Real and Relevant 53

Summary 56 . Review Questio 56 . Problems 57 . Additional

Problems 58 . Collaborative Group Projects 59

3 Atomic Structure 61

3.1 Electricity and the Atom 62

3.2 Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity

65

3.3 Three Types of Radioactivity 66

3.4 Rutherford’s Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the

Atom 67

3.5 The Atomic Nucleus 69

3.6 Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model 72

3.7 Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model 77

3.8 Electron Configuratio and the Periodic Table 80

3.9 Which Model to Choose? 84

Summary 84 . Review Questio 85 . Problems 86 . Additional

Problems 86 . Collaborative Group Projects 87

4 Chemical Bonds 89

4.1 The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configuratio

90

4.2 Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols 91

4.3 The Reaction of Sodium and Chlorine 92

4.4 Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds 94

4.5 Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds 97

4.6 Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pai 100

4.7 Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds 102

4.8 Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane

104

4.9 Polyatomic Io 105

4.10 Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas 107

4.11 Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals 110

4.12 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory 112

4.13 Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

116

4.14 A Chemical Vocabulary 117

Summary 118 . Review Questio 119 . Problems 119 .

Additional Problems 121 . Collaborative Group Projects 121

5 Chemical Accounting 123

5.1 Chemical Sentences: Equatio 123

5.2 Volume Relatiohips in Chemical Equatio 127

5.3 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 128

5.4 Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conveio

131

5.5 Solutio 138

Summary 143 . Review Questio 144 . Problems 144 .

Additional Problems 146 . Collaborative Group Projects 147

6 Gases, Liquids, Solids,

and Intermolecular

Forces 149

6.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 150

6.2 Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds 152

6.3 Forces between Molecules 154

6.4 Forces in Solutio 156

6.5 Gases: The Kinetic–Molecular Theory 158

6.6 The Simple Gas Laws 159

6.7 The Ideal Gas Law 165

Summary 167 . Review Questio 167 . Problems 168 .

Additional Problems 169 . Collaborative Group Projects 169

7 Acids and Bases

7.1 Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitio 172

7.2 Acids, Bases, and Salts 173

7.3 Acidic and Basic Anhydrides 179

7.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 181

7.5 Neutralization 182

7.6 The pH Scale 183

7.7 Buffe and Conjugate Acid–Base Pai 186

7.8 Acid Rain 187

7.9 Antacids: A Basic Remedy 188

7.10 Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us 189

Summary 191 . Review Questio 191 . Problems 191 .

Additional Problems 193 . Collaborative Group Projects 193

8 Oxidation and Reduction 195

8.1 Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views 196

8.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 200

8.3 Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries 201

8.4 Corrosion 206

8.5 Explosive Reactio 207

8.6 Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent

208

8.7 Other Common Oxidizing Agents 210

8.8 Some Reducing Agents of Interest 212

8.9 A Closer Look at Hydrogen 214

8.10 Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things 216

Summary 218 . Review Questio 218 . Problems 219 .

Additional Problems 220 . Collaborative Group Projects 221

9 Organic Chemistry 223

9.1 The Unique Carbon Atom 224

9.2 Alkanes 224

9.3 Cyclic Hydrocarbo: Rings and Things 229

9.4 Uaturated Hydrocarbo: Alkenes and Alkynes 231

9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbo: Benzene and Relatives 233

9.6 Chlorinated Hydrocarbo: Many Uses, Some Hazards

234

9.7 The Functional Group 236

9.8 The Alcohol Family 238

9.9 Phenols 241

9.10 Ethe 241

9.11 Aldehydes and Ketones 243

9.12 Carboxylic Acids 246

9.13 Este: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR’ 248

9.14 Amines and Amides 251

9.15 Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Othe 254

Summary 255 . Review Questio 256 . Problems 256 .

Additional Problems 258 . Collaborative Group Projects 259

10 Polyme 261

10.1 Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones

261

10.2 Natural Polyme 262

10.3 Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Colla 262

10.4 Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread

Bags 263

10.5 Addition Polymerization: One . One . One . á GIVES

ONE 266

10.6 Rubber and Other Elastome 271

10.7 Condeation Polyme: Splitting Out Water 273

10.8 Properties of Polyme 278

10.9 Disposal of Plastics 280

10.10 Plastics and Fire Hazards 281

10.11 Plasticize and Pollution 281

10.12 Plastics and the Future 282

Summary 285 . Review Questio 286 . Problems 286 .

Additional Problems 287 . Collaborative Group Projects 289

11 Nuclear Chemistry 291

11.1 Natural Radioactivity 292

11.2 Nuclear Equatio 294

11.3 Half-Life 298

11.4 Radioisotopic Dating 300

11.5 Artificial Tramutation 302

11.6 Uses of Radioisotopes 304

11.7 Penetrating Power of Radiation 308

11.8 Energy from the Nucleus 309

11.9 The Building of the Bomb 313

11.10 Radioactive Fallout 315

11.11 Nuclear Power Plants 316

11.12 Thermonuclear Reactio 318

11.13 The Nuclear Age 319

Summary 320 . Review Questio 321 . Problems 321 .

Additional Problems 322 . Collaborative Group Projects 323

12 Chemistry of Earth

12.1 Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest 325

12.2 The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic 327

12.3 Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks 327

12.4 Silicates and the Shapes of Things 328

12.5 Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement

330

12.6 Metals and Ores 332

12.7 Earth’s Dwindling Resources 337

Summary 340 . Review Questio 341 . Problems 341 .

Additional Problems 342 . Collaborative Group Projects 343

13 Air 345

13.1 Earth’s Atmosphere: Divisio and Composition 345

13.2 Chemistry of the Atmosphere 347

13.3 Pollution through the Ages 350

13.4 Coal + Fire : Industrial Smog 352

13.5 Automobile Emissio 355

13.6 Photochemical Smog: Making Haze while the Sun Shines

358

13.7 Acid Rain: Air Pollution : Water Pollution 361

13.8 The Iide Story: Indoor Air Pollution 362

13.9 Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword 366

13.10 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 369

13.11 Who Pollutes? Who Pays? 373

Summary 376 . Review Questio 377 . Problems 377 .

Additional Problems 378 . Collaborative Group Projects 379

14 Water

14.1 Water: Some Unique Properties 382

14.2 Water in Nature 384

14.3 Chemical and Biological Contamination 387

14.4 Industrial Water Use 389

14.5 Groundwater Contamination : Tainted Tap Water

392

14.6 Making Water Fit to Drink 394

14.7 Wastewater Treatment 399

14.8 The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water 401

14.9 Water Pollution and the Future 401

Summary 403 . Review Questio 403 . Problems 404 .

Additional Problems 405 . Collaborative Group Projects 405

15 Energy 407

15.1 Sunlight Floods Earth with Energy 408

15.2 Energy and Chemical Reactio 411

15.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 414

15.4 People Power: Early Uses of Energy 417

15.5 Reserves and Coumption Rates of Fossil Fuels 418

15.6 Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages 419

15.7 Natural Gas: Mostly Methane 422

15.8 Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbo 422

15.9 Convenient Energy: Electricity 428

15.10 Nuclear Fission 430

15.11 Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle

435

15.12 Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy 436

15.13 Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel 438

15.14 Hydrogen: Light and Powerful 441

15.15 Other Renewable Energy Sources 443

15.16 Energy: How Much Is Too Much? 445

Summary 447 . Review Questio 448 . Problems 448 .

Additional Problems 450 . Collaborative Group Projects 451

16 Biochemistry 453

16.1 The Living Cell 453

16.2 Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy 455

16.3 Fats and Other Lipids 459

16.4 Protei: Polyme of Amino Acids 462

16.5 The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Protei 465

16.6 Structure of Protei 467

16.7 Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines 471

16.8 Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure 474

16.9 DNA: Self-Replication 477

16.10 RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code 479

16.11 The Human Genome 481

Summary 485 . Review Questio 486 . Problems 486 .

Additional Problems 488 . Collaborative Group Projects 489

17 Food 491

17.1 Carbohydrates in the Diet 492

17.2 Fats and Cholesterol 494

17.3 Protei: Muscle and Much More 499

17.4 Minerals: Inorganic Chemicals and Life 501

17.5 The Vitami: Vital, but Not All Are Amines 503

17.6 Other Essentials: Fiber and Water 505

17.7 Starvation and Fasting 506

17.8 Additives to Enhance Nutrition and Taste 508

17.9 Additives to Retard Spoilage 513

17.10 Color Additives 515

17.11 Poiso in Our Food 517

17.12 A World without Food Additives 521

Summary 522 . Review Questio 523 . Problems 523 .

Additional Problems 524 . Collaborative Group Projects 525

18 Drugs

18.1 Scientific Drug Design 528

18.2 Pain Relieve: Noteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

(NSAIDs) 529

18.3 Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold 532

18.4 Antibacterial Drugs 534

18.5 Viruses and Antiviral Drugs 538

18.6 Chemicals agait Cancer 541

18.7 Hormones: The Regulato 544

18.8 Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill 549

18.9 Drugs for the Heart 552

18.10 Drugs and the Mind 554

18.11 Some Chemistry of the Nervous System 554

18.12 Brain Amines: Depression and Mania 556

18.13 Anesthetics 559

18.14 Depressant Drugs 562

18.15 Narcotics 565

18.16 Antianxiety Agents 569

18.17 Stimulant Drugs 571

18.18 Hallucinogenic Drugs 573

18.19 Drug Problems 576

Summary 577 . Review Questio 579 . Problems 579 .

Additional Problems 579 . Collaborative Group Projects 581

19 Fitness and Health

19.1 Calories: Quantity and Quality 583

19.2 Vitami and Minerals 586

19.3 Body Fluids and Electrolytes 589

19.4 Weight-Loss Diets 591

19.5 Exercise for Weight Loss 593

19.6 Measuring Fitness 596

19.7 Some Chemistry of Muscles 598

19.8 Drugs and the Athlete 601

19.9 Exercise and the Brain 603

19.10 No Smoking 604

Summary 607 . Review Questio 607 . Problems 608 .

Additional Problems 609 . Collaborative Group Projects 609

20 Chemistry Down on the Farm . . .

20.1 Farming with Chemicals: Fertilize 612

20.2 The War agait Pests 618

20.3 Biological Iect Controls 624

20.4 Herbicides and Defoliants 628

20.5 Sustainable Agriculture 630

20.6 Some Malthusian Mathematics 632

20.7 Can We Feed a Hungry World? 634

Summary 635 . Review Questio 635 . Problems 635 .

Additional Problems 636 . Collaborative Group Projects 637

21 Household Chemicals 639

21.1 A History of Cleaning 640

21.2 Fat + Lye : Soap 641

21.3 Synthetic Detergents 645

21.4 Laundry Detergent Formulatio 647

21.5 Dishwashing Detergents 651

21.6 Fabric Softene 651

21.7 Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites 652

21.8 All-Purpose Cleaning Products 653

21.9 Special-Purpose Cleane 654

21.10 Solvents, Paints, and Waxes 658

21.11 Cosmetics: Peonal Care Chemicals 659

21.12 Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor 665

21.13 Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftehaves 666

21.14 Some Hairy Chemistry 669

21.15 The Well-Informed Coumer 673

Summary 674 . Review Questio 675 . Problems 675 .

Additional Problems 676 . Collaborative Group Projects 677

22 Poiso 679

22.1 Natural Poiso 680

22.2 Corrosive Poiso: A Closer Look 682

22.3 Metabolic Poiso 683

22.4 Heavy Metal Poiso 684

22.5 More Chemistry of the Nervous System 688

22.6 The Lethal Dose 690

22.7 The Liver as a Detox Facility 692

22.8 Chemical Carcinoge: Slow Poiso 693

22.9 Three Ways to Test for Carcinoge 697

22.10 Birth Defects: Teratoge 698

22.11 Hazardous Wastes 699

22.12 What Price Poiso? 701

Summary 702 . Review Questio 703 . Problems 703 .

Additional Problems 704 . Collaborative Group Projects 705

Appendix: Review of Measurement and Mathematics A-1

Glossary A-18

Awe A-25

Photo Credits PC-1

Index I-1

     希尔、麦克里里、科尔布编著的《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影
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光来学习，培养对科学的兴趣。全书内容丰富生动，语言清晰易懂。 《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》主要内容包括：化学，
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 为反映国外化学类教材的最新内容和编写风格，同时也为提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力，为高等学校使用英文原版教材进行双语教学服务，精选了国外优秀的化学类教材，组成“国外高校优秀化学教材——影印版”，《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》即为其中的一册。所选教材均在国外广泛采用，多数已再版，书中不仅介绍了有关概念、原理及应用，给出了丰富的实例和数据，还反映作者希尔、麦克里里、科尔布不同的学术观点。能对高等学校师生有所帮助，并对我国高等化学教育的发展做出贡献。