公平机制

1 How legal rules are made如何制定法律规则

legal rules and“law”法律规则和“法”

The formulation of the law: cases and statutes法律体系：判例法和制定法

English ancestry of American law美国法的英国血统

Development ofspecial doctrines and procedure“In equity”“衡平法”专门学说和程序的发展

Survivals of doctrines and procedures of formerly independent courts先前独立法院的原理和程序的保留

Lack of uniformity In state law州法的不统一

2 The dual court structure双重法院体制

3 Civil proceedings: objectives民事诉讼：目的

Obtaining payment of money获得金钱支付

Foreclosure of lien取消留置权

Terminating existing wrong—preventing threatened wrong终止现有过错——防止过错威胁

Protection of creditors of insolvent or embarrassed debtors对破产或财政困难的债务人的债权人的保护

Declaration of rights权利确认

4 Civil proceedings: jurisdiction民事诉讼：管辖权

Cases brought only in the federal court只能在联邦法院起诉之案件

Cases in either state or federal courts可在州法院或联邦法院提起的案件

Cases brought only in state courts只在州法院提起之案件

State in which action may be brought可提起诉讼之州

Jurisdiction by attachment查封管辖

Court in which action may be brought可提起诉讼之法院

5 Civil proceedings: procedure民事诉讼：程序

Pleadings诉辩状

Law applicable to issues of law法律问题之准据法

Pre4rial p roceedings大审前程序

Rightto Jurytrial陪审团审理权

Trial ofissues offact事实问题审

The future of the civil jury民事审判团之未来

Appeal上诉

Voluntary arbitration as a substitute for civil litigation替代民诉之自愿仲裁

6 Criminal proceedings：investigation, arrest, and accusation刑事诉讼：侦查、拘捕和起诉

Constitutional limitations upon Investigative agencies宪法对侦查机关的限制

Obtalnlng dlsclosure of informatlon获得信息披露

Search for physical evidence搜查物证

Eavesdropplng窃听

Arrest拘捕

Prellmlnaryjudicial examination of charge made bypolice对警方指控的司法预审

The right to counsel at the preliminary examination预审中律师的权利

Furnishing defendant with assistance in investigatlon给被告提供侦查援助

7 Criminal proceedings: plea, trial, sentence．appeal刑事诉讼程序：抗辩、大审、量刑、上诉

Extradition引渡

Pleading: importance of the plea of guilty辩护：有罪辩护之重要性

Sentencing on plea of guilty有罪辩护之量刑

Furnishing trial counsel to the indigent defendant给穷困被告提供大审律师

Right to jury trial陪审团审权

Method of proof证明方法

Selection of the Jury挑选陪审团

Trial procedu re大审程序

Thejury's role In sentencing陪审团在量刑中的角色

Appeal上诉

Post-conviction remedies定罪后的补救办法

8 Administrative justice行政司法

The meaning of "administrative"“行政”的意义

Adjudication of private disputes私人争议的裁决

Enforcement of regulatory statutes行政管理法规的强制执行

The enforcement proceeding强制执行程序

Adminlstrative lustlce and the courts行政司法和法院

Necessity for a dual system of trlbunals双重体系裁判庭的必要性

9 Militaryjustice军事司法

Courts-martial临时军事法庭

General court-martlal一般临时军事法庭

Milltary commissions特别军事法庭

10 The cou rts as a check on the executive法院对行政机关的制约

Court supervision of executive adjudlcatlon法院对行政裁决的监督

Grounds ofjudiclal condemnation of executive action司法宣布行政行为不当的依据

Prohibition of contemplated executive action禁止计划实施的行政行为

Undoing wrongful executive action撤销违法行政行为

Recovery of compensation for wrongful executive action违法行政行为的索赔

Compelling executive action强制性行政作为

Criminal proceedlngs against executive offlcers对行政官员的刑事诉讼

The federal cou rts as a check on state officials联邦法院对州官的制约

Control of executlve action in time of public disorder or of war公共骚乱期间或战时对行政行为的控制

11 The courts as a check on legislation法院对立法的制约

Power to void legislation exercised by highest cou rts only只有最高法院方能行使的废除立法权

Difficulty of constltutlonal amendment as affecting Importance of iudlclal review修宪难与司法审查重要性的关系

Generality of constitutional provisions as affecting Importance of judicial review宪法条文笼统性与司法审查重要性的关系

Amblgulty of the Constitution on allocation of power of economic regulation《联邦宪法》在经济管理权分配上的含混

The concept of "due process of law"“正当法律程序”概念

12 Manning the machinery ofjustice对公平机制的操控

The selection ofjudges：the political factor挑选法官：政治因素

The federal judlclary联邦法官

State judiciarles州法官

Jurors陪审员

Administrative adjudicators行政裁决人员

Arbitrators仲裁员

Public prosecutors公诉人

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