文昌鱼免疫系统

About the Author

Foreword

Preface

1 Amphioxus is a model for understanding the evolution of vertebrate

1.1 Brief introduction of amphioxus

1.2 Biology of amphioxus

1.2.1 Reproduction and embryogenesis of amphioxus

1.2.2 Anatomy of amphioxus

1.3 The Story of amphioxus and its early researches in China

References

2 Basic knowledge of immunology

2.1 Immune organs

2.1.1 Primary lymphoid organs

2.1.2 Secondary lymphoid organs

2.2 Immune cells

2.2.1 Lymphoid cells

2.2.2 Innate immunity associated cells

2.3 Innate immunity

2.3.1 Toll-like receptors involved signaling pathway

2.3.2 Nod-like receptors and their functions

2.3.3 RIG-like receptors

2.3.4 C-type lectins

2.3.5 The scavenger receptors

2.3.6 Inflammation

2.4 Adaptive immunity

2.4.1 Specificity

2.4.2 Diversity

2.4.3 Immunological memory

2.4.4 Self-nonself recognition

2.5 Complement system

2.5.1 Complement pathways

2.5.2 Complement in host defense

References

3 Immune organs and cells of amphioxus

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Organs of the amphioxus immune system

3.2.1 Amphioxus gill slits:the first immune defense line

3.2.2 Amphioxus intestine:not just a digestive organ but also an immune organ

3.3 Cells of the amphioxus immune system

3.3.1 Phagocytes

3.3.2 Lymphocyte-like cells

References

4 Genomic and transcriptomic view of the amphioxus immunity

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Trace evidence of adaptive immunity

4.2.1 TCRs, Igs and VLRs

4.2.2 MHC and genes involved in antigen presentation

4.3 Extraordinary gene expansion in the amphioxus innate immunity

4.3.1 The TLR system

4.3.2 The NLR system

4.3.3 LRRIG proteins

4.3.4 Other LRR-containing genes

4.3.5 C-type lectins

4.3.6 Scavenger receptors

4.3.7 RIG-I-like helicases

4.3.8 Complement-related receptors

4.3.9 The TNF system

4.3.10 Expansion and reshuffling of the death-fold domains

4.3.11 Expansion of TIR adaptors, TRAFs and initiator caspases

4.3.12 Cytokines, kinases and transcription factors

4.4 Regulation of the amphioxus immune system

4.4.1 Differential regulatory patterns between expanded gene families

4.4.2 The regulation during bacterial infection

4.4.3 The regulation of the terminal signaling network

4.4.4 Differential expression patterns observed within TNF and IL-1R systems

4.4.5 Major pathways in a complex signaling network

4.4.6 A functional prototypic complement system

4.4.7 The prototype of oxidative burst-like system

4.4.8 Amphioxus PGRPs and GNBPs are important effectors in the gut

4.4.9 Chitin-binding proteins

4.4.10 Other effector genes

4.5 Discussion

References

5 Pattern recognition system in amphioxus

5.1 TLR signaling pathway in amphioxus

5.1.1 The overview

5.1.2 TLR family in amphioxus

5.1.3 The TIR containing adaptors in amphioxus

5.1.4 The putative bypass pathway mediated by novel TIR adaptors

5.1.5 The transduction and regulation of amphioxus TLR signaling

5.1.6 Summary

5.2 Innate antiviral immunity in Amphioxus

5.2.1 RLR signaling pathway

5.2.2 Innate antiviral defense in drosophila

5.2.3 Immune-related genes for antiviral response in amphioxus

5.3 NLR signaling pathway

5.3.1 NLR in amphioxus

5.3.2 The NLR diversity in amphioxus

5.3.3 The NLR signaling in amphioxus

References

6 Transcription factors in amphioxus

6.1 NF-κB family members in amphioxus

6.2 The interferon regulatory factor family in amphioxus

6.3 The STATs in amphioxus

6.3.1 The JAK-STAT pathway

6.3.2 The JAK-STAT pathway in invertebrate

6.3.3 The STAT family of mammals

6.3.4 The structure and function of STATs in amphioxus

6.3.5 Evolution

References

7 The complement system of amphioxus

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Tracing evolutionary origin of complement system

7.3 The complement system of amphioxus

7.3.1 The lectin pathway

7.3.2 The alternative pathway

7.3.3 The terminal pathway

References

8 The oxidative burst system in amphioxus

8.1 Introduction

8.2 NADPH Oxidases 2 and the other NOX families

8.2.1 NOX2

8.2.2 NOX4

8.2.3 NOX5

8.2.4 DUOX1 and DUOX2

8.3 NOX Subunits and Regulatory Proteins

8.3.1 P22phox

8.3.2 Organizer subunit:p47phox

8.3.3 Activator subunit:p67phox

8.3.4 P40phox

8.4 Functions of ROS generated by NADPH oxidases

References

9 Immune effectors in amphioxus

9.1 Galectin

9.2 C-type lectin

9.3 Peptidoglycan recognition protein

9.4 Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein

9.5 Chitin-binding protein

9.6 Apextrin

9.7 Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein

9.8 Other effector genes

References

10 Lipid signaling of immune response in amphioxus

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The classification, structure and function of lipids

10.2.1 Membrane and energy storage

10.2.2 Lipid signaling

10.3 Origin of the vertebrate lipid signaling

10.3.1 The origin of vertebrate eicosanoid signaling in amphioxus

10.3.2 Conserved phospholipid signaling pathway

10.3.3 Typical cholesterol accumulation of inflammation in amphioxus

10.3.4 Downstream signaling and nuclear receptors

10.4 Future directions

10.5 Summary

References

11 Apoptosis in amphioxus

11.1 General knowledge of apoptosis

11.2 Apoptosis related gene families in amphioxus

11.2.1 The Apaf-1 and Bcl2 homologues in amphioxus

11.2.2 The caspase family in amphioxus

11.2.3 The TRAIL-DR apoptosis system

11.2.4 Perspectives:The death domain superfamily:a tale of two interfaces

References

12 Primitive adaptive immune system of amphioxus

12.1 Evidence of the emergence of adaptive immunity in amphioxus

12.1.1 Lymphocyte-like cells and related genes in amphioxus

12.2 The primary building blocks for MHC and Rag protein

12.2.1 An antecedent MHC-linked genomic region

12.2.2 The common ancestor of RAG 1-and RAG 2-like genes

12.3 The alternative forms of variable immune receptors

12.3.1 Amphioxus candidates for adaptive immune receptors

12.3.2 Other variable receptors in invertebrates

References

13 Future research directions

13.1 Ubiquitination of immune signaling in amphioxus

13.1.1 Posttranslational modification of immune response in mammals

13.1.2 Ubiquitination of immune regulation in drosophila

13.1.3 Ubiquitination of immune regulation in amphioxus

13.2 The microRNAs in amphioxus

13.3 Alternative 3怳TRs in amphioxus immune response

References

Abbreviation Index

Key Words Index

《文昌鱼免疫系统（TheImmuneSystemofAmphioxus）(英文版)》是一本关于文昌鱼免疫学研究的专著。文昌鱼属于脊索动物门头索动物亚门，是现存与脊椎动物亲缘最近的无脊椎动物之一，被誉为研究脊椎动物起源和演化的“活化石”，也是研究脊椎动物免疫起源与演化，特别是由天然免疫到适应性免疫的过渡的最重要的模式生物。本书详细介绍了文昌鱼研究历史和文昌鱼生物学，重点从比较免疫学的视角全面介绍了文昌鱼免疫系统的研究进展，主要包括以文昌鱼为代表的头索动物天然免疫及其向脊椎动物的演化，头索动物原始适应性免疫的基本框架。本书同时向读者介绍了近年文昌鱼研究的一系列重大发现：如发现头索动物免疫大爆炸现象，文昌鱼中发现适应性免疫的标志细胞--淋巴样细胞及其信号转导的关键分子，在头索动物文昌鱼中存在外源性细胞凋亡通路等。另外，本书也分析了未来文昌鱼免疫研究的发展方向。