油菜杂种优势利用新技术 : 化学杂交剂的利用

Contents

Preface Heterosis in Oil Rape

Chapter 1 1 Phenotypic Heterosis in Oil Rape 1

1.1

Heterosis of Yield and Its Related Traits 1

1.1.1 Physiological Heterosis 7

1.1.2 Genetic Basis of Oil Rape Heterosis 121.2

Dominance Hypothesis 12

1.2.1 Overdominance Hypothesis 19

1.2.2 Epistatic Hypothesis 21

1.2.3 Genetic Equilibrium Theory 22

1.2.4 Heterozygous Hypothesis 23

1.2.5 The Theory of Organismic Vitality 24

1.2.6 Chapter 2 Chemical Hybridizing Hybrids: Advantages and Applications 25

2.1 CHA Hybrids of Oil Rape: Advantages vs. Disadvantages 25

2.2 The Wide-spread Application of Chemical HybridizingAgents 26

2.2.1 Chemical Hybridizing Agents Applied to Oil Crops 27

2.2.2 Chemical Hybridizing Agents Applied to Grain Crops 31

Chemical Hybridizing Agents Applied to Cotton 33

2.2.3

2.2.4 Chemical Hybridizing Agents Applied to Vegetable Crops 33

2.2.5 Chemical Hybridizing Agents Applied to Forge Crops 34

Chapter 3 Approaches to Heterosis Utilization in Oil Rape 35

3.1 Rape Hybrid Seed Production through CMS Technique 35

Nuclear Male Sterility 35

3.1.1 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) 39

3.1.2 42

3.2 Self Incompatibility and Heterosis Utilization in Rape

The Self Incompatibility in Rape 42

3.2.1 The Approaches to SI line Breeding 45

3.2.2 The Propagation of SI Lines 47

3.2.3 The Hybrid Seed Production with SI Lines 48

3.2.4

3.3 Engineered Male Sterility for Rape Heterosis Utilization 49

Significance 49

3.3.1

3.3.2 Obtaining Male Sterile Gene (pTA29-Barnase-bar) and Restoring Gene

(pTA29-Barstar-bar) 50

3.3.3 Engineered Male Sterility Hybrid by Guan Chunyun Group 51

3.4 Chemical Hybridizing Agents for Rape Heterosis Utilization 53

3.5 The Ecological Sterile Hybrid for Rape Heterosis Utilization 54

3.5.1 Types and Features of Ecological-Sterile-Line Hybrid 54

3.5.2 Hybrid Seed Production with Ecological Sterile Line 54

3.5.3 Some Important Ecological Sterile Lines and Hybrid Varieties 56

3.6 The Other Approaches to Rape Heterosis Utilization 56

3.6.1 Heterosis Utilization through Subgenome in Brassica napus 56

3.6.2 Hybrid Seed Production through Artificial Emasculation 57

Chapter 4 Chemical Hybridizing Agents for Oil Rape 58

4.1 Chemical Hybridizing Agents Commonly Used in Crops 58

4.2 Effectiveness of Chemical Hybridizing Agents Applied in Oil Rape 60

4.3 Major Chemical Hybridizing Agents and their Effects on Oil Rape 62

SX-1 62

4.3.1 EXP 63

4.3.2 Male gametocide No.1 64

4.3.3 Male gametocide No.2 65

4.3.4 KMS-1 66

4.3.5 Gibberellin (GA3) 67

4.3.6 ESP (Sulfonylurea) 67

4.3.7 EN 69

4.3.8 Giant star 71

4.3.9 WP 71

4.3.10 Dichloropropionic Acid 73

4.3.11 Sodium Diphenylaminesulfonate 74

4.3.12 Sulfamic Acid 75

4.3.13 Amidosulfuron 75

4.3.14 Sodium Dichloropropionate 76

4.3.15 Salicylhydroxamic Acid 77

4.3.16 Ethephon 78

4.3.17 2, 4-D 79

4.3.18 p-Aniline sulfonic acid 80

4.3.19 Chapter 5 Cytological Basis of Chemical Emasculation in Oil Rape 81 PMC Meiosis of Oil Rape 81

5.1

Relationship between bud length and meiosis 81

5.1.1 Chromosome behavior 82

5.1.2 Time ofPMC meiosis of oil rape 83

5.1.3

5.1.4 The difference among different-sized buds or similar-sized ones in the same inflorescence during developmental stages 84

5.2 Slide Preparation during Meiosis and Microspore Developmental Stages 86

5.2.1 Slide preparation during meiotic stages of oil rape 87

5.2.2 Section cutting techniqueduring microspore developmentstage of oil rape 87

5.3 Cytological Mechanism for Male Sterility Induced by CHA in Oil Rape 92

5.3.1 The effect of Adrocide No.1 on tapetums of anther and the formation of pollen grains of Brassica napus 92

5.3.2 Cellular morphological characteristics of anther tapetum and pollen development during the induction of male infertility of Brassica napus by Male gametocide No.1 at different stages 96

5.3.3 Impact of Male gametocide No.1 on fertility of Brassica napus 98

Impact of KMS-1 on Fertility of Brassica napus 101

5.4

Concentration, Stage and Treatment Method 102

5.4.1

5.4.2 Effects of KMS-1 on the Induction of Male Sterility in Brassica napus 103

5.4.3 Impact of KMS-1on Morphology of Flower Organs of Brassica napus at Different Stages 103

5.4.4 Impact of KMS-1 on Cellular Morphology of Male Sterility of Brassica napus at Different Stages 104

5.4.5 Impact of KMS-1 on Pollen Vigor of Brassica napus After Treatment at Different Stages 106 107

5.5 Cytological Mechanism for Non-CHA Induced Sterile Lines

5.5.1 Cytological observation methods for the abortion mechanism of 681A CMS line 110

5.5.2 Cytological characteristics of abortion of the 681A sterile line 111

5.5.3 Cytological charateristics of anther abortion of the transgenic male sterile line trans I 116

5.6 Mechanism of Trace Pollen Generation of CMS Lines 123

5.6.1 The Generating Mechanism of Trace Pollens and Their Hazards 123

5.6.2 Research Methods for Trace Pollen of CMS Line 681A 127

5.6.3 Morphology of Flowers and Fertility Classification of the CMS Line 681A 129

5.6.4 The Relationship between the Trace Pollen and the Temperature in Nature 130

5.7 Solutions for Trace Pollen of CMS Lines of Oil rape 137

Chapter 6 Biochemical and Molecular Biological Mechanisms of

CHA Action 139

Types of Chemical Hybridizing Agents 139

6.1

6.2 Physiological and Biochemical Mechanism of CHA 140

The Absorption, Transportation of CHA 140

6.2.1 The Acting Stage of CHA 144

6.2.2

6.2.3 Biochemical and Physiological Process and Manifestation of CHA Inducing Male Sterility 144 Molecular Biological Mechanism 154

6.3

Sulfonylureas 155

6.3.1 SQ-1 155

6.3.2 BAU-9403 157

6.3.

Chapter 7 Breeding the Elite Inbred Line of Oil Rape

Breeding the Inbred Line of Oil Rape 158

7.1

7.1.1 The Importance of the Development of Oil Rape Inbred Line 158

7.1.2 Basic Requirements for Elite Inbred Line of Oil Rape 159

7.2 Original Materials and Methods for Inbred Line Breeding 160

Original Materials for Inbred Line Breeding 160

7.2.1 Methods for Breeding Inbred Lines 161

7.2.2 Improvement of Rape Inbred Line 1627.3

The Purpose of Inbred Line Improvement 162

7.3.1 Basic Methods for Inbred Line Improvement 162

7.3.2

7.4 Anther or Pollen Culture and Parthenogenesis for Breeding Inbred Line 164 Anther Pollen Culture for Breeding Inbred Line 164

7.4.1

7.5 Breeding Inbred Line through Microspore Culture and Dihaploid Method 166

7.5.1 The Significance of Microspore Culture and Dihaploid Breeding in Oil Rape 166

7.5.2 Microspore Culture andDihaploid Breeding Method 167

Chapter 8 Principles of Parent Selection for Hybrid Rapeseed

Combining Ability Test 178

8.2

Conceptof the Combining Ability 178

9.1

9.2 Technology for CHA Hybrid Seed Production in Oil Rape 196

Parental seed production 196

9.2.1 CHA Hybrid Seed Production 201

9.2.2

9.3 Application of CHA to Solving the Trace Pollen Problem in CMS 218

Chapter 10 Major CHA Hybrid Varieties of Oil Rape

10.2 The CHA Oil Rape Varieties Developed Before 2000 232

238

References

Chemical hybridizing agent is a new technology system. Chemical hybridizing agentutilizing heterosis, relates to agriculture and chemistry subject areas. This book discussedtwo topics that revolves around the rape of chemical hybridizing agent and Heterosis ofBrassica napus using. A total of ten chapters, there are respectively introduced heterosisin oil rape, chemical hybridizing hybrids: advantages and applications, approaches toheterosis utilization in oil rape, chemical hybridizing agents for oil rape, cytological basisof chemical emasculation in oil rape, biochemical and molecular biological mechanismsof CHA action, breeding the elite inbred line of oil rape, principles of parent selection forhybrid rapeseed, technology for the production of CHA hybrid seeds of oil rape, majorCHA hybrid varieties of oil rape.