分析方法

Preface

1 Preliminaries

1.1 The Logic of Quantifiers

1.1.1 Rules of Quantifiers

1.1.2 Examples

1.1.3 Exercises

1.2 Infinite Sets

1.2.1 Countable Sets

1.2.2 Uncountable Sets

1.2.3 Exercises

1.3 Proofs

1.3.1 How to Discover Proofs

1.3.2 How to Understand Proofs

1.4 The Rational Number System

1.5 The Axiom of Choice

2 Construction of the Real Number System

2.1 Cauchy Sequences

2.1.1 Motivation

2.1.2 The Definition

2.1.3 Exercises

2.2 The Reals as an Ordered Field

2.2.1 Defining Arithmetic

2.2.2 The Field Axioms

2.2.3 Order

2.2.4 Exercises

2.3 Limits and Completeness

2.3.1 Proof of Completeness

2.3.2 Square Roots

2.3.3 Exercises

2.4 Other Versions and Visions

2.4.1 Infinite Decimal Expansion

2.4.2 Dedekind Cuts

2.4.3 Non-Standard Analysis

2.4.4 Constructive Analysis

2.4.5 Exercises

2.5 Summary

3 Topology of the Real Line

3.1 The Theory of Limits

3.1.1 Limits， Sups， and Infs

3.1.2 Limit Points

3.1.3 Exercises

3.2 Open Sets and Closed Sets

3.2.1 Open Sets

3.2.2 Closed Sets

3.2.3 Exercises

3.3 Compact Sets

3.3.1 Exercises

3.4 Summary

4 Continuous Functions

4.1 Concepts of Continuity

4.1.1 Definitions

4.1.2 Limits of Functions and Limits of Sequences

4.1.3 Inverse Images of Open Sets

4.1.4 Related Definitions

4.1.5 Exercises

4.2 Properties of Continuous Functions

4.2.1 Basic Properties

4.2.2 Continuous Functions on Compact Domains

4.2.3 Monotone Functions

4.2.4 Exercises

4.3 Summary

5 Differential Calculus

5.1 Concepts of the Derivative

5.1.1 Equivalent Definitions

5.1.2 Continuity and Continuous Differentiability

5.1.3 Exercises

5.2 Properties of the Derivative

5.2.1 Local Properties

5.2.2 Intermediate Value and Mean Value Theorems

5.2.3 Global Properties

5.2.4 Exercises

5.3 The Calculus of Derivatives

5.3.1 Product and Quotient Rules

5.3.2 The Chain Rule

5.3.3 Inverse Function Theorem

5.3，4 Exercises

5.4 Higher Derivatives and Taylors Theorem

5.4.1 Interpretations of the Second Derivative

5.4.2 Taylors Theorem

5.4.3 LHSpitals Rule

5.4.4 Lagrange Remainder Formula

5.4.5 Orders of Zeros

5.4.6 Exercises

5.5 Summary

6 Integral Calculus

6.1 Integrals of Continuous Functions

6.1.1 Existence of the Integral

6.1.2 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

6.1.3 Useful Integration Formulas

6.1.4 Numerical Integration

6.1.5 Exercises

6.2 The Riemann Integral

6.2.1 Definition of the Integral

6.2.2 Elementary Properties of the Integral

6.2.3 Functions with a Countable Number of Discon-tinuities

6.2.4 Exercises

6.3 Improper Integrals

6.3.1 Definitions and Examples

6.3.2 Exercises

6.4 Summary

7 Sequences and Series of Functions

7.1 Complex Numbers

7.1.1 Basic Properties of C

7.1.2 Complex-Valued Functions

7.1.3 Exercises

7.2 Numerical Series and Sequences

7.2.1 Convergence and Absolute Convergence

7.2.2 Rearrangements

7.2.3 Summation by Parts

7.2.4 Exercises

7.3 Uniform Convergence

7.3.1 Uniform Limits and Continuity

7.3.2 Integration and Differentiation of Limits

7.3.3 Unrestricted Convergence

7.3.4 Exercises

7.4 Power Series

7.4.1 The Radius of Convergence

7.4.2 Analytic Continuation

7.4.3 Analytic Functions on Complex Domains

7.4.4 Closure Properties of Analytic Functions

7.4.5 Exercises

7.5 Approximation by Polynomials

7.5.1 Lagrange Interpolation

7.5.2 Convolutions and Approximate Identities

7.5.3 The Weierstrass Approximation Theorem

7.5.4 Approximating Derivatives

7.5.5 Exercises

7.6 Eouicontinuity

7.6.1 The Definition of Equicontinuity

7.6.2 The Arzela-Ascoli Theorem

7.6.3 Exercises

7.7 Summary

8 Transcendental Functions

8.1 The Exponential and Logarithm

8.2 Trigonometric Functions

8.3 Summary

9 Euclidean Space and Metric Spaces

9.1 Structures on Euclidean Space

9.2 Topology of Metric Spaces

9.3 Continuous Functions on Metric Spaces

9.4 Summary

10 Differential Calculus in Euclidean Space

10.1 The Differential

10.2 Higher Derivatives

10.3 Summary

11 Ordinary Differential Equations

11.1 Existence and Uniqueness

11.2 Other Methods of Solution

11.3 Vector Fields and Flows

11.4 Summary

12 Fourier Series

12.1 Origins of Fourier Series

12.2 Convergence of Fourier Series

12.3 Summary

13 Implicit Functions， Curves， and Surfaces

13.1 The Implicit Function Theorem

13.2 Curves and Surfaces

13.3 Maxima and Minima on Surfaces

13.4 Arc Length

13.5 Summary

14 The Lebesgue Integral

14.1 The Concept of Measure

14.2 Proof of Existence of Measures

14.3 The Integral

14.4 The Lebesgue Spaces L1 and L2

14.5 Summary

15 Multiple Integrals

15.1 Interchange of Integrals

15.2 Change of Variable in Multiple Integrals

15.3 Summary

Index

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