经济学原理

PART IIntroduction To Economics1

The Scope and Method of Economics1

Why Study Economics? 2

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE iPod and the World 6

The Scope of Economics 6

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Trust and Gender 9

The Method of Economics 9 An Invitation 15

Summary 15Problems 16

The Economic Problem： Scarcity and Choice17

Scarcity， Choice， and Opportunity Cost 18

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Frozen Foods and Opportunity Costs 20

Economic Systems and the Role of Government 31

Summary 34Problems 35

Demand， Supply， and Market Equilibrium39

Firms and Households： The Basic Decision- Making Units 39

Input Markets and Output Markets： The Circular Flow 40

Demand in Product/Output Markets 42 Supply in Product/Output Markets 52 Market Equilibrium 57

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE High Prices for Tomatoes 61

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Why Do the Prices of Newspapers Rise? 63

Demand and Supply in Product Markets： A Review 63

Summary 64Problems 65

Demand and Supply Applications69

The Price System： Rationing and Allocating Resources 69

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Prices and Total Expenditure： A Lesson From the Lobster Industry in 2008–2009 71

Supply and Demand Analysis： An Oil Import Fee 76

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The Price Mechanism at Work for Shakespeare 77

Supply and Demand and Market Ef?ciency 79

Summary 83Problems 83

5Elasticity87

Price Elasticity of Demand 88

Calculating Elasticities 90

The Determinants of Demand Elasticity 97

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Elasticities at a Delicatessen in the Short Run and Long Run 98

Other Important Elasticities 99

Summary 101Problems 102

PART IIThe Market System： Choices Made by Households and Firms105

6Household Behavior and Consumer Choice109

Household Choice in Output Markets 109 The Basis of Choice： Utility 114

Income and Substitution Effects 118 Household Choice in Input Markets 120

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Substitution and Market Baskets 121

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE What Happens When the Cost of Self-Discovery Falls? 124

A Review： Households in Output and Input Markets 125

1

Summary 126Problems 126

The Production Process： The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms129

The Behavior of Pro?t-Maximizing Firms 130

The Production Process 134

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE How Fast Should a Truck Driver Go? 138

Choice of Technology 138

Summary 140Problems 140

8Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions145

Costs in the Short Run 145

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Average and Marginal Costs at a College 156

Output Decisions： Revenues， Costs， and Pro?t Maximization 157

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Case Study in Marginal Analysis： An Ice Cream Parlor 160

Summary 163Problems 163

Long-Run Costs and Output Decisions167

Short-Run Conditions and Long-Run Directions 168

Long-Run Costs： Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 173

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Economies of Scale in the World Marketplace 175

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Economies of Scale in Solar 176

Long-Run Adjustments to Short-Run Conditions 178

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The Long-Run Average Cost Curve： Flat or U-Shaped? 179

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The Fortunes of the Auto Industry 182

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Why Are Hot Dogs So

Expensive in Central Park? 183

Output Markets： A Final Word 184

Summary 184Problems 185

Input Demand： The Labor and Land Markets189

Input Markets： Basic Concepts 189

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Sometimes Workers Play Hooky! 191

Labor Markets 193

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE What is Denzel Washington’s Marginal Revenue Product in Broadway’s Fences? 197

Land Markets 198

The Firm’s Profit-Maximizing Condition in

Input Markets 200

Input Demand Curves 200

Summary 202Problems 203

Input Demand： The Capital Market and the Investment Decision205

Capital， Investment， and Depreciation 205

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Investment Banking， IPOs， and Electric Cars 207

The Capital Market 208

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Who Owns Stocks in the United States? 213

The Demand for New Capital and the Investment Decision 213

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Chinese Wind Power 215

A Final Word on Capital 217

Summary 218Problems 219

General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition221

Market Adjustment to Changes in Demand 222 Allocative Ef?ciency and Competitive Equilibrium 224

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Ethanol and Land Prices 225

The Sources of Market Failure 230 Evaluating the Market Mechanism 232

Summary 232Problems 233

PART IIIMarket Imperfections and the Role of Government237

Monopoly and Antitrust Policy237

Imperfect Competition and Market Power： Core Concepts 237

Price and Output Decisions in Pure Monopoly Markets 239

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Managing the Cable Monopoly 248

The Social Costs of Monopoly 249 Price Discrimination 251 Remedies for Monopoly： Antitrust Policy 253

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Antitrust Rules Cover the NFL 255

Imperfect Markets： A Review and a Look Ahead 255

Summary 256Problems 257

14Oligopoly259

Market Structure in an Oligopoly 260

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Why Are Record Labels Losing Key Stars Like Madonna? 262

Oligopoly Models 263

Game Theory 266

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Price Fixing in Digital Music 272

Oligopoly and Economic Performance 272 The Role of Government 273

Summary 276Problems 277

15Monopolistic Competition279

Industry Characteristics 280

Product Differentiation and Advertising 281

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE An Economist Makes Tea 284

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Can Information Reduce Obesity? 287

Price and Output Determination in Monopolistic Competition 288

Economic Ef?ciency and Resource

Allocation 292

Summary 292Problems 293

Externalities， Public Goods， and Social Choice295

Externalities and Environmental

Economics 295

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Ban on Oil Drillers 298

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Externalities Are All Around Us 304

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Climate Change 307

Public (Social) Goods 307 Social Choice 312

Government and the Market 315

Summary 315Problems 316

Uncertainty and Asymmetric Information319

Decision Making Under Uncertainty： The Tools 319

Asymmetric Information 323

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Adverse Selection in the Health Care Market 326

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE How to Read

Advertisements 327

Incentives 329

Summary 330Problems 331

Income Distribution and Poverty333

The Sources of Household Income 333 The Distribution of Income 336

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The New Rich

Work! 339

The Utility Possibilities Frontier 342 The Redistribution Debate 343

Redistribution Programs and Policies 346

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Does Price Matter in Charitable Giving? 350

Government or the Market? A Review 351

Summary 351Problems 352

PART IVConcepts and Problems in Macroeconomics355

Introduction to Macroeconomics355

Macroeconomic Concerns 356

The Components of the Macroeconomy 358 A Brief History of Macroeconomics 361

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Macroeconomics in Literature 363

The U．S． Economy Since 1970 363

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE John Maynard Keynes 365

Summary 366Problems 367

Measuring National Output and National Income369

Gross Domestic Product 369 Calculating GDP 371

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Where Does eBay Get Counted? 373

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE GDP： One of the Great Inventions of the 20th Century 377

Nominal versus Real GDP 378 Limitations of the GDP Concept 381

Summary 383 Problems 384

Unemployment， Inflation， and Long-Run Growth387

Unemployment 387

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE A Quiet Revolution： Women Join the Labor Force 391

In?ation 393

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The Politics of Cost-of- Living Adjustments 396

Long-Run Growth 398

Summary400 Problems 401

PART VThe Core of Macroeconomic Theory403

Aggregate Expenditure and Equilibrium Output405

The Keynesian Theory of Consumption 406

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Behavioral Biases in Saving Behavior 410

Planned Investment (I) 410

The Determination of Equilibrium Output (Income) 411

The Multiplier 415

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The Paradox of Thrift 418

Summary 419 Problems 420

The Government and Fiscal Policy423

Government in the Economy 424

Fiscal Policy at Work： Multiplier Effects 428 The Federal Budget 433

The Economy’s In?uence on the Government

Budget 438

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICEGovernments Disagree on How Much More Spending Is Needed 439

Summary 440 Problems 441

The Money Supply and the Federal Reserve System443

An Overview of Money 443

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Dolphin Teeth as Currency 445

How Banks Create Money 447 The Federal Reserve System 453

How the Federal Reserve Controls the Money Supply 457

Summary 463 Problems 463

Money Demand and the Equilibrium Interest Rate467

Interest Rates and Bond Prices 467

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Professor Serebryakov Makes an Economic Error 468

The Demand for Money 468

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE ATMs and the Demand for Money 473

The Equilibrium Interest Rate 474

Summary 477 Problems 477

Aggregate Demand in the Goods and Money Markets481

Planned Investment and the Interest Rate 482

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Small Business and the Credit Crunch 483

Equilibrium in Both the Goods and Money Markets： The IS-LM Model 484

Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets 485

The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve 489

Summary493 Problems 494

Aggregate Supply and the Equilibrium Price Level497

The Aggregate Supply Curve 497

The Equilibrium Price Level 500

The Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve 501

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE The Simple “Keynesian” Aggregate Supply Curve 502

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Effects 503

Causes of In?ation 505

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Inflationary Expectations in China 508

The Behavior of the Fed 509

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Markets Watch the Fed 511

Summary 514 Problems 515

The Labor Market In the Macroeconomy519

The Labor Market： Basic Concepts 519

The Classical View of the Labor Market 520

Explaining the Existence of Unemployment 522

ECONOMICS IN PRACTICE Does Unemployment Insurance Increase Unemployment or Only Protect the Unemployed? 524

The Short-Run Relationship Between the Unemployment Rate and In?ation 526 The Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve， Potential Output， and the Natural Rate of Unemployment 531

Summary 533 Problems 534

《经济学原理（英文版·第10版）/工商管理经典教材·核心课系列；教育部高校工商管理类教学指导委员会》由美国韦尔斯利大学和哈佛大学的三位经济学教授联合编著，是美国各大学普遍采用的经济学教材之一。作为一本历久弥新的经济学教材，本书具有如下特色：
　　?与时俱进，及时追踪经济学前沿，反映美国当今经济学的主流观点。
　　?将经济学的基本理论同现实生活及政策问题有机地结合起来，教给读者如何像经济学家那样思考问题，运用经济学来解释真实世界中的现象。
　　?采取创新的、独特的“故事—图表—公式”三级递进式的写作模式，即首先通过生动的事例引入概念，然后借助图表来解释，最后在恰当的地方列出公式来进一步说明。这种循序渐进的结构使读者学习经济学成为一件赏心乐事。
　　?具有国际视野，精心编入了来自世界各国的案例，用以说明各个章节的理论和概念。
　　第10版是最新版，增加了对经济衰退形势的分析，补充了对央行政策的讨论，更新了“实践中的经济学”等材料，更加强调国际化背景下不同国家之间的相互依存关系。
　　《经济学原理（英文版·第10版）/工商管理经典教材·核心课系列；教育部高校工商管理类教学指导委员会》非常适合高校经济学原理课程的双语教学或全英语教学使用，也适合对经济学感兴趣的读者学习参考。