大学基础物理学

PART 3 ELECTROMAGNETISM

CHAPTER 11 ELECTROSTATIC FIELD2

11.1 Electric Charges2

11.2 Electric Field and Electric Field Intensity3

11.3 Coulomb’s Law and Calculating Electrostatic Field4

11.4 Electric Field Lines and Electric Flux9

11.5 Gauss’ Law12

11.6 Finding Electrostatic Field Distribution by Gauss’ Law14

SUMMARY18

QUESTIONS19

PROBLEMS19

CHAPTER 12 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL21

12.1 Conservative Property of Electrostatic Field21

12.2 Electric Potential Difference and Electric Potential23

12.3 Principle of Superposition of Electric Potential25

12.4 Finding Field from Potential29

12.5 Electrostatic Energy of Electric Charge in External Electric Field30

12.6 Energy of Electrostatic Field31

SUMMARY32

QUESTIONS33

PROBLEMS33

CHAPTER 13 ELECTROSTATIC FIELD WITH CONDUCTORS OR DIELECTRICS PRESENT35

13.1 Conditions for Electrostatic Equilibrium of a Conductor35

13.2 Charge Distribution on a Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium State36

13.3 Finding Electrostatic Field When Conductors are Present37

13.4 Capacitors and Capacitance39

13.5 Effect on Dielectrics by Electric Field43

13.6 Polarization of Dielectrics44

13.7 Electric Displacement Vector D and Its Gauss’ Law47

13.8 Energy Stored in a Capacitor47

SUMMARY50

QUESTIONS50

PROBLEMS51

CHAPTER 14 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETIC FIELD53

14.1 Electric Current and Current Density53

14.2 A Classical Microscopic View of Electric Current55

14.3 Ohm’s Law57

14.4 Magnetic Force and Motion of Electric Charge58

14.5 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Induction59

14.6 Biot-Savart Law61

14.7 Ampere Circuital Theorem67

14.8 Finding Distribution of the Magnetic Field with Ampere Circuital Theorem70

14.9 Magnetic Field Associated with Varying Electric Field72

SUMMARY76

QUESTIONS77

PROBLEMS78

CHAPTER 15 MAGNETIC FORCE80

15.1 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field80

15.2 Hall Effect82

15.3 Force on Current-carrying Wires in a Magnetic Field84

15.4 Torque on a Current-carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field85

15.5 Interaction between Parallel Currents88

SUMMARY90

QUESTIONS90

PROBLEMS91

CHAPTER 16 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS94

16.1 Effect on Magnetic Field by Materials94

16.2 Magnetization95

16.3 Vector H and Its Circuital Theorem97

16.4 Magnetic Shielding99

SUMMARY99

QUESTIONS100

PROBLEMS101

CHAPTER 17 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE102

17.1 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction102

17.2 Motional Emf106

17.3 Induced Emf and Induced Electric Field110

17.4 Mutual Induction112

17.5 Self-induction113

17.6 Energy Stored in Magnetic Field115

17.7 Maxwell’s Equations116

17.8 Electromagnetic Waves （EM Waves）117

17.9 Energy in EM Waves118

SUMMARY120

QUESTIONS121

PROBLEMS123

PART 4 WAVE AND OPTICS

CHAPTER 18 VIBRATION128

18.1 Description of Simple Harmonic Motion （SHM）128

18.2 SHM and Uniform Circular Motion130

18.3 Dynamical Equation of SHM133

18.4 Energy of SHM135

18.5 Damped Vibration136

18.6 Forced Vibration Resonance137

18.7 Combination of One\|dimensional SHM’s of Same Frequency138

18.8 Combination of One\|dimensional SHM’s of Different Frequencies140

SUMMARY141

QUESTIONS142

PROBLEMS142

CHAPTER 19 WAVES144

19.1 Travelling Waves144

19.2 Formation of a Simple Harmonic Wave146

19.3 Wave Function of the SHW Wavelength147

19.4 Elastic deformations of Materials152

19.5 Wave Speed in Elastic Media155

19.6 Energy of Waves157

19.7 Huygens’ Principle and the Reflection and Refraction of Waves161

19.8 Superposition of Waves， and Standing Wave165

19.9 Sound Wave168

19.10 Doppler Effect170

SUMMARY174

QUESTIONS176

PROBLEMS177

CHAPTER 20 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT179

20.1 Young’s Double\|slit Interference179

20.2 Coherent Light182

20.3 Optical Path184

20.4 Thin\|film Interference186

SUMMARY189

QUESTIONS190

PROBLEMS191

CHAPTER 21 DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT194

21.1 Fraunhofer Diffraction194

21.2 Single\|slit Fraunhofer Diffraction195

21.3 Resolving Power of a Optical Instrument198

21.4 Grating Diffraction202

21.5 Grating spectra205

SUMMARY207

QUESTIONS208

PROBLEMS209

CHAPTER 22 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT212

22.1 Natural Light and Polarized Light212

22.2 Polarization by Absorption214

22.3 Polarization by Reflection217

22.4 Double Refraction218

SUMMARY219

QUESTIONS220

PROBLEMS220

CHAPTER 23 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS222

23.1 Light Rays222

23.2 Reflection of Light223

23.3 Spherical Mirrors225

23.4 Refraction of Light229

23.5 The Focal Length of a Thin Lenses231

23.6 Imaging by Thin Lenses235

23.7 Optical Instruments239

SUMMARY242

QUESTIONS243

PROBLEMS244

PART 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS

CHAPTER 24 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS249

24.1 The Birth of the Concept of Quantum249

24.2 Emergence of the Concept of Photon252

24.3 Compton Scattering255

24.4 Wave Nature of Particles256

24.5 Probability Wave and Probability Amplitude260

24.6 Uncertainty Relation263

24.7 Schrdinger Equation267

24.8 A Particle in an Infinitely Deep Square Potential Well268

24.9 Barrier Penetration272

SUMMARY277

QUESTIONS279

PROBLEMS279

CHAPTER 25 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS282

25.1 Hydrogen Atom282

25.2 Spin of Electron and Spin\|orbit Coupling289

25.3 Configuration of Electrons in Atoms297

25.4 Laser302

SUMMARY307

QUESTIONS309

PROBLEMS310

CHAPTER 26 ELECTRONS IN SOLIDS312

26.1 Energy Distribution of Free Electrons in Metals312

26.2 Conducting Mechanism of Metals317

26.3 Energy Bands，Conductors and Insulators318

26.4 Semiconductors322

26.5 PN Junction325

SUMMARY327

QUESTIONS328

PROBLEMS329

CHAPTER 27 NUCLEAR PHYSICS330

27.1 General Properties of Nuclei330

27.2 Nuclear Force333

27.3 Binding Energy of Nuclei336

27.4 Radioactivity and the Decay Law340

27.5 Three Kinds of Radioactive Rays344

27.6 Nuclear Reactions348

SUMMARY350

QUESTIONS352

PROBLEMS352

DATA LIST354

ANSWERS TO ALL PROBLEMS356

INDEX363

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE CONTENT The content of this volume includes three parts: electromagnetism, wave and optics, and fundamentals of quantum physics. In the part of electromagnetism, the fundamental concepts and principles, as electric field, magnetic field, and electromagnetic induction, are explained explicitly. In the part of wave and optics, the basic characteristics of vibration and wave, and the basic principles of wave optics and geometric optics, are introduced. In the part of fundamentals of quantum physics, the basic concepts as wave\|particle quality, probability wave, uncertainty relation and energy quantization, and the regulations about the states of electrons in atoms and solids are given. At last, a short statement about the nucleus physics including radioactivity, is introduced. Volume 2 and Volume 1 cover all the pedagogic requirements of physics course in colleges and universities and hence can be used as textbooks of physics. They can also be used as pedagogic references by high\|school teachers or as self\|learning materials by other readers.