第二语言习得研究

Acknowledgements

Preface

PART ONE Background

Introduction

1 An introduction to second language,acquisition research

What is 'second :language acquisition'?

Case studies of Lz learners

Wong Fillmore's （1976, 1979） study of five Mexican children

Schumann's （I978b） study of Alberto

Schmidt's （1983） study of Wes

Ellis' （1984a, 1992） study of three classroom learners

Lardiere's （2007） study of Patty

Issues raised by the case studies

The role of age in L2 acquisition

The effects of age on the rate of second language learning

The effects of age on ultimate achievement

Age-related effects: some general conclusions

A framework for exploring SLA

Summary and conclusion

PART TWO Description: the characteristics of learner language

Description: the characteristics of learner language

Introduction

2 Learner errors and error analysis

Introduction

Collection of a sample of learner language Errors

Identifcation of errors

Descrrption of errors

Explanation of errors

Evaluating errors

The limtations of error analysis

Summary

More recent EA research

3Developmentalpatternsin secondlanguage acquisition

Introduction

Methods for investigating developmental patterns

Developmental patterns in Li acquisition

Developmental patterns in second language acquisition

The early stages （The silent period/Formularc sequences/Structural and semantrc simplification）

The acquisitron of grammatrcal morphemes:order and sequence

The acquisrtion of vocabulary

The acquisitron of pbonology

The L2=LⅠhypothesis

Summary

Conclusion

4 Variability in learner language

Introduaion

Some theoretical perspectives

Sociolrngurstic models

Socral-psycbologrcal models

Psycbolinguistic models

Summary and final comment

A typology of variability in learner language

Free variation in learner language

Systematic variation

Variability in form-function systems

Sociolinguistic accounts of L2 vanability

Psycbohnguistrc accounts of L2 variabihty

A multi-faaor approach

Summary

Conclusion

5 Pragmatic aspects of learner language

Introduction

Speech acts and illocutionary meaning

Research methods for studying pragmatic aspects of learner language

Illocutionary acts in learner language

Requests

Apologies

Refusals

Final comments

Interactional acts in learner language

The relationship between linguistic and pragmatic development

Conclusion

PART THREE Explaining second language acquisition: external factors

6 Input,interaction,and secondlanguage acquisition

Introduaion

Methods for investigating input and interaction

Descriptrve metbods

Experimental metbods

Self-report methods

Introspective methods

Comment

The characteristics ofinput to language learners

Caretaker talk

Forergner talk

Interlanguage talk

Summary

The charaaeristics of interaaions involving language learners

Discourse management

Discourse repair

Repair in conversational analysis

Scaffolding

Summary

Input and interaction in first language acquisition

Input and interaction in second language acquisition

Research based on the computation model of L2 acquisition

Sociocultural accunts of imteraction and L2 acquisition

Conclusion

7 Socialaspeasofsecondlanguageacquisition

Introduction

Psycholinguistic versus sociolinguistic SLA

The social settings of L2 learning

Natural versus educatronal settings

Natural settrngs

Educational settings

Summary

Social factors and second language acquisition

Age

Sex and gender

Social class

Etbnic identity

Summary-323

Situational factors and L2 acquisition

Social theories of L2 acquisition

The Acculturatron Model

The Socro-educational Model

The Inter-group Model

Language socralization

Socral rdentity tbeory

Conclusion

PART FOUR Explaining second language acquisition: internal factors

8Language transfer

Introduaion

Terminological issues

The methodology of transfer studies

Transfer as 4 communicatron, and learning process

Choice of data for the suty of transfer

Identifying instances of transfer

Measuring crosslinguistic effcts

Earlydays

The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

The minimalist plsition

Reappraisal

Evidence of transfer effects

Production

Reception

Conceptual trans fer

Constraints on transfer

Sociolinguistic factors

Markedness

Prototypicality

Language distance and psychotyplolgy

Developmental factors

Summary

Tbwards a theory of language transfer

1 Transfer occurs in both commumication and in learing

2 Transfe arises as a result of both differences and similarities between the target language and the L1

3Transfer works in conjunction with other factors

4 Transfer is both a conscious and subconscious process

5Transfer is both conceptual and linguistic

6 Transfer is ultimately a subjective phenomenon

Conclusion:problems in the study of transfer

9Cognitive accounts of second language acquisition

Introduction

The computational model

The representation of L2 knowledge

Early interlanguage theory

Variable L2 knowledge

Functionalist views of L2 knowledge

Implicit and explicit L2 knowledge

Declarative and procdural L2 knowledge

The dual-mode system

Concluding comments

The processes of L2 acquisition

Micro-processes

Macro-processes

Final comment on the study of processes of L2 acquisition

Cognitive theories of L2 acquisition

……

PART FIVE Explaining individual differences in second language

PART SIX The brain and L2 acquisition

PART SEVEN Classroom second language acquisition

PART EIGHT Conclusion

Glossary

Bibliography

Author index

Subject index

This book provides an extensive and accessible introduction to the field of second language acquisition research.It fully updates chapters fi'om the first edition and includes new chapters reviewing work on second language acquisition from sociocultural and neurobiological perspectives.The new edition ensures its place as a standard reference work for researchers and for teachers and students on MA/Diploma courses in TESOL or Applied Linguistics.Rod Ellis presents a highly readable and balanced account of how the field has developed and expanded over the last forty years.There are sections on the description of learner language， the role of the linguistic environment， the learner's internal mechanisms， individual learner differences， and instructed second language acquisition.The first edition won the English Speaking Union's Duke of Edinburgh Book Competition.