文化间的交流

Preface

part one Communication and Intercultural Competence

1 Introduction to Intercultural Competence

The Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Economic Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Technological Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Demographic Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Peace Imperative for Intercultural Competence

Communication

Defining Communication

Characteristics of Communication

Interpersonal Communication

The Challenge of Communicating in an Intercultural World

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

2 Culture and Intercultural Communication

Culture

Defining Culture for the Study of Communication

Culture and Related Terms

Why Cultures Differ

Forces That Maintain Cultural Differences

The Interrelatedness of Cultural Forces

Intercultural Communication

Examples of Intercultural Interactions

Similarities and Differences between Communicators

Definition of Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication and Related Terms

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

3 Intercultural Communication Competence

The United States as an Intercultural Community

Metaphors of U.S. Cultural Diversity

What Do You Call Someone from the United States of America?

Cultural Groups in the United States

Competence and Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication Competence

The Components of Intercultural Competence

Basic Tools for Improving Intercultural Competence

The BASICs of Intercultural Competence

Description， Interpretation， and Evaluation

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

part two Cultural Differences in Communication

4 Cultural Patterns and Communication! Foundations

Defining Cultural Patterns

Components of Cultural Patterns

Beliefs

Values

Norms

Social Practices

Characteristics of Cultural Patterns

The Functions of Cultural Patterns

An Overview of Cultural Patterns

Cultural Patterns and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

5 Cultural Patterns and Communication： Taxonomies

Halls High-and Low-Context Cultural Taxonomy

Use of Covert and Overt Messages

Importance of Ingroups and Outgroups

Orientation to Time

Hofstedes Cultural Taxonomy

Individualism versus Collectivism

Uncertainty Avoidance

Power Distance

Masculinity versus Femininity

Long-Term versus Short-Term Time Orientation

Comparing Hofs.tedes Five Dimensions

Confucian Cultural Patterns

Cultural Taxonomies and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

6 Cultural Identity， Cultural Biases， and Intercultural Contact

Cultural Identity

The Nature of Identity

The Formation of Cultural Identity

Characteristics of Cultural Identity

Cultural Biases

Social Categorizing

Ethnocentrism

Stereotyping

Prejudice

Discrimination

Racism

Intercultural Contact

Dominance and Subordination between Groups

Attitudes among Cultural Members

Outcomes of Intercultural Contact

Becoming an Interculturally Competent Communicator

Identity， Biases， Contact， and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

part three Coding Intercultural Communication

7 Verbal Intercultural Communication

The Power of Language in Intercultural Communication

Definition of Verbal Codes

The Features of Language

Rule-Systems in Verbal Codes

Interpretation and Intercultural Communication

Language， Thought， Culture， and Intercultural Communication

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity

Language and Intercultural Communication

Verbal Codes and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

8 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication

Definition of Nonverbal Codes

Characteristics of Nonverbal Codes

Relationship of Nonverbal to Verbal Communication

Cultural Universals in Nonverbal Communication

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Messages in Intercultural Communication

Body Movements

Space

Touch

Time

Voice

Other Nonverbal Code Systems

Synchrony of Nonverbal Communication Codes

Nonverbal Communication and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

9 The Effects of Code Usage in Intercultural Communication

Preferences in the Organization of Verbal Codes

Organizational Preferences in the Use of U.S. English

Organizational Preferences in Other Languages and Cultures

Cultural Variations in Persuasion

Persuasion in Intercultural Encounters

Cultural Differences in What Is Acceptable as Evidence

Cultural Differences in What Is Considered Reasonable

Cultural Differences in Styles of Persuasion

Cultural Variations in the Structure of Conversations

Value of Talk and Silence

Rules for Conversations

Effects of Code Usage on Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

part four Communication in Intercultural Relationships

10 Intercultural Competence in Interpersonal Relationships

Cultural Variations in Interpersonal Relationships

Types of Interpersonal Relationships

Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships

Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships

The Maintenance of Face in Interpersonal Relationships

Types of Face Needs

Facework and Interpersonal Communication

Facework and Intercultural Communication

Improving Intercultural Relationships

Learning about People from Other Cultures

Sharing Oneself with People from Other Cultures

Handling Differences in Intercultural Relationships

Interpersonal Relationships and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

11 Episodes， Contexts， and Intercultural Interactions

Social Episodes in Intercultural Relationships

The Nature of Social Episodes

Components of Social Episodes

Contexts for Intercultural Communication

The Health Care Context

The Educational Context

The Business Context

Episodes， Contexts， and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

12 The Potential for Intercultural Competence

The Ethics of Intercultural Competence

When in Rome...

Are Cultural Values Relative or Universal?

Do the Ends Justify the Means?

Ethics--Your Choices

The Perils and Prospects for Intercultural Competence

Impact of National and International Events on Intercultural Communication

Forces That Pull Us Together and Apart

Summary

Concluding Remarks

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Resources

Intercultural Films

Online Resources

Notes

Photo Credits

Text Credits

Author Index

Subject Index

Leo Thayer(1979)曾说过：“我们今天所面临的(人类沟通问题)与两个世纪前孔子所思考的问题没有本质上的不同”；只有“完全彻底了解沟通现象”之后才能找到解决冲突的方法。为此，跨文化交际学学者和研究者们一直在不懈努力，期望能更充分地解析交际的复杂过程。本书作者Stella Tin9—Toomey就是涉足此领域较早的学者之一，她长期不懈的努力使人们对多个跨文化交际问题的了解更加全面深入，特别是在研究种族／民族认同、跨文化冲突管理、文化认同和跨文化“面子观”等方面，她发展的理论获得了广泛赞誉。
《文化间的交流))正是融合了Tin9—Toomey多年的教学研究成果和实地调查经验的一本基础读物。作者在前言中指出本书有五大特点：1、全书由统一主题——“留心(Mindfulness)”概念贯穿；2、介绍了一个涵盖知识、动机和技巧等多方面内容的理论诠释模型；3、从第三章到第十章，每章结尾处都提供了简单可行的建议，指导读者如何将所学知识和技巧应用在实际的跨文化交际中；4、本书多个章节采用图示或表格处理关键概念和理论，易于读者理解概念间的相互关系，形成视觉记忆；5、本书采用的是跨学科的视角。在林林总总的跨文化入门著作中，本书围绕一个核心概念、两条理论主线组织信息的方式，以及注重理论联系实际的写作指导思想，可谓独具特色。

“本书在综合了社会认同理论、符号互动论以及传播学理论的基础上，发展出了跨文化认同协商理论。作者指出，有效的交际要求我们必须调整行为规范的指导原则(参照系)，尝试使用新的分类方法来了解不同的文化视角，实验多样化的决策方略和问题解决方式。
对于语言功能的探讨是本书的亮点。它不仅提供了大量典型的跨文化交际实例，还给出了很多关于如何提高交际质量的建议。”
——Harry．Triandis(伊利诺伊大学心理学系荣誉教授)