一种推导广义软件度量模型的方法 : 理论与实验

Table of Contents

Foreword

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

1.1 Software Metrics

1.2 Software Metrics Models

1.3 Importance of Software Metrics Models

1.4 Existing Software Metrics Models

1.4.1 Function Point Analysis

1.4.2 Inferential Statistics

1.4.3 Neural Networks

1.4.4 Fuzzy Logic Systems

1.4.5 Hybrid Neuro-fuzzy Systems

1.4.6 Rule-based Systems

1.4.7 Case-based Reasoning

1.4.8 Regression and Classification Trees

1.5 Generalisedversus Existing Software Metrics Models

1.5.1 For Developers of Software Metrics Models

1.5.2 For End-users of Software Metrics Models

1.6 Overview of the Approach of this Research

2 Terminologies and Typography

2.1 Terminologies

2.2 Typography

3 The Objectives of the Research

4 Summary of the General Methodology Innovated in this Research

5 Theories Underlying the General Methodology Innovated in this Research

5.1 The "EM Algorithm fbr the General Location Model".

5.1.1 Theory

5.1.2 Application to this General Methodology

5.1.3 What Ifa Future Project Has No Missing Values

5.2 Transformation on the Continuous Software Metrics and Testing Multivariate Normality

5.2.1 Power Transformations on Individual Continuous Software Metrics

5.2.2 Testing Univariate Normality of the Individual Continuous Variables

5.2.3 Testing Multivariate Normality of the Continuous Variables

5.3 Detection and Elimination of the Multivariate Outlier（s） in Respect of the Continuous Variables.

5.3.1 Theory

5.3.2 Application to this General Methodology

5.4 Linear LS Regression of Each Continuous Independent Variable on All Other t2ontmuous IndependentVariable（s） 60

5.4.1 Theory

5.4.2 Application to this General Methodology

5.5 Coefficient of Determination R2 for the Linear LS Regression of the Dependent Variable on the Continuous Independent Variable（s）

5.5.1 Theory

5.5.2 Application to this General Methodology ..

5.6 Data Splitting， Mean Magnitude of Relative Error and Pred

5.6.1 Theory

5.6.2 Application to this General Methodology

5.7 The Bootstrap Method

5.7.1 Bootstrap Procedures

5.7.2 Bootstrap Analysis

5.7.3 Confidence Intervals

5.7.4 Test of Hypotheses

5.8 Plots of the Residuals versus the Predicted Dependent Variable

6 Findings and Results

6.1 Stage 1 ： Data Sourcing

6 1.1 Data Sources

6.1.2 ISBSG

6.1.3 Content of the ISBSG 6 Data

6.2 Stage 2： Rectification of Software Metrics Data

6.2.1 Short listing Software Metrics

6.2.2 "Filtering" Software Projects

6.2.3 Transformation on the Continuous Software Metrics and Testing Multivariate Normality

6.2.4 Detection and Elimination of the Multivariate Outlier（s） in Respect of the Continuous Variables

6.3 Stage 3： Constructing the Candidate Models

6.3.1 For the Intended Model with the PDR as the Target Metric

6.3.2 For the Intended Model with the "Summary Work Effort" as the Target Metric..

6.4 Stage 4： Selecting and Optimizing Candidate Models

6.4.1 For the Intended Model with the PDR as the Target Metric

6.4.2 For the intended Model with the "Summary Work Effort" as the Target Metric..

6.5 Stage 5： Analysis of Software Engineering Factors

6.5.1 For the Intended Model with the PDR as the Target Metric

6.5.2 For the Intended Model with the "Summary Work Effort" as the Target Metric.

7 Discussion on the Findings and Results

7.1 Limitations of the Findings and Results

7.1.1 Unavoidably Biased Sampling

7.1.2 Unavailability of"Ideal" Software Metrics

7.1.3 Evolving Software Engineering/Development Technologies， Tools and Equipment

7.1.4 Extrapolation

7.1.5 No Causality Relationship Established

7.2 Comparision between the Existing Software Metrics Models and Generalised Models

7.2.1 Empirical Prediction Accuracy and Consistency of the Existing Software Metrics Models

7.2.2 Empirical Prediction Accuracy and Consistency of the Generalised Models

7.2.3 Summarising the Comparison

7.3 Foreseeable Improvement Areas lbr the GeneralisedModels of this Research

7.3.1 Complexity Measurement

7.3.2 Number of Bootstrap Samples

7.4 Other Comments on the GeneralisedModels

8 Conclusion

Appendix A The Sweep Operator

Appendix B Listing of the Scripts Implemented in this Research

B.1 The Script "MultiVarNorm.SBS" to Test Multivariate Normality of the Continuous Variables

B.2 The Script "LMSSwMD.SBS" to Detect and Eliminate the Multivariate Outlier（s）

B.3 The Script "EMContCatSwMD2.SBS" of Functions Subsidiary to the Scripts

"EMContCatSwMDAcc.SBS" and "EMCont CatSw MDConflnt.SBS".

B.4 The Script "EMContCatSwMD3.SBS" of Functions Subsidiary to "EMContCatSwMD2.SBS，"

"EMContCatSwMDAcc.SBS" and "LSLMSSwMDAcc.SBS".

B.5 The Script "EMContCatSwMDAcc.SBS" to Construct the Candidate and "Prospective" Optimised

Models through the "EM Algorithm for the General Location Model".

B.6 The Script "EMContCatSwMDConflnt.SBS" to Optimise the "Winning" Candidate Models

B.7 The Script "LSLMSSwMDAcc.SBS" to Construct Software Metrics Models through the Linear LS and Linear LMS Regressions

References

《一种推导广义软件度量模型的方法：理论与实验（英文版）》 dilates on its underlying research which aimed to innovate a new general methodology for deriving generalized software metrics models from past empirical software metrics data. These genera/ised software metrics models are to predict the target software metric（s） of any future software project from the projects predictor software metric（s） always in a best-effort, best-accuracy and best-consistency manner whether all, only some or even none of these required predictor software metric（s） is/are available for that future project and/or projects in the past empirical software ware metrics data. A software projects predictor software metric（s） indicate（s） or measure（s） the projects relevant software engineering factor（s）. This general methodology was illustrated in the research by deriving, from the empirical software metrics data of past software projects sourced in this research, two real-world generalized software metrics models with the productivity and work effort measures as the target software metrics respectively. These two real-world generalized software metrics models prediction accuracy and consistency were also assessed in this research. Additionally done was an analysis of the impact of the various aforesaid software engineering factor（s） of software projects on the projects productivity and work effort. All these works are presented in this book.