亚原子物理学

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

General Bibliography

1 Background and Language

1.1 Orders of Magnitude

1.2 Units

1.3 Special Relativity，Feynman Diagrams

1.4 References

Ⅰ Tools

2 Accelerators

2.1 Why Accelerators？

2.2 Cross Sections and Luminosity

2.3 Electrostatic Generators （Van de Graaff）

2.4 Linear Accelerators （Linacs）

2.5 Beam Optics

2.6 Synchrotrons

2.7 Laboratory and Center-of-Momentum Frames

2.8 Colliding Beams

2.9 Superconducting Linacs

2.10 Beam Storage and Cooling

2.11 References

3 Passage of Radiation Through Matter

3.1 Concepts

3.2 Heavy Charged Particles

3.3 Photons

3.4 Electrons

3.5 Nuclear Interactions

3.6 References

4 Detectors

4.1 Scintillation Counters

4.2 Statistical Aspects

4.3 Semiconductor Detectors

4.4 Bubble Chambers

4.5 Spark Chambers

4.6 Wire Chambers

4.7 Drift Chambers

4.8 Time Projection Chambers

4.9 Cerenkov Counters

4.10 Calorimeters

4.11 Counter Electronics

4.12 Electronics： Logic

4.13 References

Ⅱ Particles and Nuclei

5 The Subatomic Zoo

5.1 Mass and Spin.Fermions and Bosons

5.2 Electric Charge and Magnetic Dipole Moment

5.3 Mass Measurements

5.4 A First Glance at the Subatomic Zoo

5.5 Gauge Bosons

5.6 Leptons

5.7 Decays

5.8 Mesons

5.9 Baryon Ground States

5.10 Particles and Antiparticles

5.11 Quarks，Gluons，and Intermediate Bosons

5.12 Excited States and Resonances

5.13 Excited States of Baryons

5.14 References

6 Structure of Subatomic Particles

6.1 The Approach： Elastic Scattering

6.2 Rutherford and Mott Scattering

6.3 Form Factors

6.4 The Charge Distribution of Spherical Nuclei

6.5 Leptons Are Point Particles

6.6 Nucleon Elastic Form Factors

6.7 The Charge Radii of the Pion and Kaon

6.8 Inelastic Electron and Muon Scattering

6.9 Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering

6.10 Quark-Parton Model for Deep Inelastic Scattering

6.11 More Details on Scattering and Structure

6.12 References

Ⅲ Symmetries and Conservation Laws

7 Additive Conservation Laws

7.1 Conserved Quantities and Symmetries

7.2 The Electric Charge

7.3 The Baryon Number

7.4 Lepton and Lepton Flavor Number

7.5 Strangeness Flavor

7.6 Additive Quantum Numbers of Quarks

7.7 References

8 Angular Momentum and Isospin

8.1 Invariance Under Spatial Rotation

8.2 Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field

8.3 Charge Independence of Hadronic Forces

8.4 The Nucleon Isospin

8.5 Isospin Invariance

8.6 Isospin of Particles

8.7 Isospin in Nuclei

8.8 References

9 P，C，CP，and T

9.1 The Parity Operation

9.2 The Intrinsic Parities of Subatomic Particles

9.3 Conservation and Breakdown of Parity

9.4 Charge Conjugation

9.5 Time Reversal

9.6 The Two-State Problem

9.7 The Neutral Kaons

9.8 The Fall of CP Invariance

9.9 References

Ⅳ Interactions

10 The Electromagnetic Interaction

10.1 The Golden Rule

10.2 Phase Space

10.3 The Classical Electromagnetic Interaction

10.4 Photon Emission

10.5 Multipole Radiation

10.6 Electromagnetic Scattering of Leptons

10.7 Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon-Hadron Interaction

10.8 Colliding Beams

10.9 Electron-Positron Collisions and Quarks

10.10 The Photon-Hadron Interaction： Real and Spacelike Photons

10.11 Magnetic Monopoles

10.12 References

11 The Weak Interaction

11.1 The Continuous Beta Spectrum

11.2 Beta Decay Lifetimes

11.3 The Current-Current Interaction of the Standard Model

11.4 A Variety of Weak Processes

11.5 The Muon Decay

11.6 The Weak Current of Leptons

11.7 Chirality versus Helicity

11.8 The Weak Coupling Constant GF

11.9 Weak Decays of Quarks and the CKM Matrix

11.10 Weak Currents in Nuclear Physics

11.11 Inverse Beta Decay： Reines and Cowan's Detection of Neutrinos

11.12 Massive Neutrinos

11.13 Majorana versus Dirac Neutrinos

11.14 The Weak Current of Hadrons at High Energies

11.15 References

12 Introduction to Gauge Theories

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Potentials in Quantum Mechanics-The Aharonov-Bohm Effect

12.3 Gauge Invariance for Non-Abelian Fields

12.4 The Higgs Mechanism；Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

12.5 General References

13 The Electroweak Theory of the Standard Model

13.1 Introduction

13.2 The Gauge Bosons and Weak Isospin

13.3 The Electroweak Interaction

13.4 Tests of the Standard Model

13.5 References

14 Strong Interactions

14.1 Range and Strength of the Low-Energy Strong Interactions

14.2 The Pion-Nucleon Interaction-Survey

14.3 The Form of the Pion-Nucleon Interaction

14.4 The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces

14.5 Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Force

14.6 Meson Theory of the Nucleon-Nucleon Force

14.7 Strong Processes at High Energies

14.8 The Standard Model，Quantum Chromodynamics

14.9 QCD at Low Energies

14.10 Grand Unified Theories，Supersymmetry，String Theories

14.11 References

Ⅴ Models

15 Quark Models of Mesons and Baryons

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Quarks as Building Blocks of Hadrons

15.3 Hunting the Quark

15.4 Mesons as Bound Quark States

15.5 Baryons as Bound Quark States

15.6 The Hadron Masses

15.7 QCD and Quark Models of the Hadrons

15.8 Heavy Mesons： Charmonium，Upsilon

15.9 Outlook and Problems

15.10 References

16 Liquid Drop Model，Fermi Gas Model，Heavy Ions

16.1 The Liquid Drop Model

16.2 The Fermi Gas Model

16.3 Heavy Ion Reactions

16.4 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

16.5 References

17 The Shell Model

17.1 The Magic Numbers

17.2 The Closed Shells

17.3 The Spin-Orbit Interaction

17.4 The Single-Particle Shell Model

17.5 Generalization of the Single-Particle Model

17.6 Isobaric Analog Resonances

17.7 Nuclei Far From the Valley of Stability

17.8 References

18 Collective Model

18.1 Nuclear Deformations

18.2 Rotational Spectra of Spinless Nuclei

18.3 Rotational Families

18.4 One-Particle Motion in Deformed Nuclei （Nilsson Model）

18.5 Vibrational States in Spherical Nuclei

18.6 The Interacting Boson Model

18.7 Highly Excited States；Giant Resonances

18.8 Nuclear Models-Concluding Remarks

18.9 References

19 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics

19.1 The Beginning of the Universe

19.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis

19.3 Stellar Energy and Nucleosynthesis

19.4 Stellar Collapse and Neutron Stars

19.5 Cosmic Rays

19.6 Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmology

19.7 Leptogenesis as Basis for Baryon Excess

19.8 References

Index

Subatomic Physics, the physics of nuclei and particles, has been one of the frontiers of science since its birth in 1896. From the study of the radiations emitted by radioactive nuclei to the scattering experiments that point to the presence of subLuuts in nucleons, from the discovery of the hadroruc interactions to the real-ization that the photon possesses hadronic (strong) attributes, and that weak and electromagnetic forces may be intimately related, subatomic physics has enriched science with new concepts and deeper insights into the laws of nature.
　　Subatomic Physics does not stand isolated; it bears on many aspects of life. Ideas and facts emerging from studies of the subatomic world change our picture of the macrocosmos. Concepts discovered in subatomic physics are needed to under-stand the creation and abundance of the elements, and the energy production in the sun and the stars, Nuclear power may provide most of the future energy sources.Nuclear bombs affect national and international decisions. Pion beams have be- come a tool to treat cancer. Tracer and Mossbauer techniques give information about structure and reactions in solid state physics, chemistry, biology, metallurgy, and geology.