关于形态变化对语序及主语脱落影响的历时性研究

List of Abbreviations VI

Introduction XI

Chapter l A Study of the Contemporary Morphological Researches

1.1 Contemporary Morphological Researches on Word Order 2

1.1.1 Rohrbacher (1999) 2

1.1.1.1 Strong agreement hypothesis 2

1.1.1.2 Bobaljik's (2002) view on the strong agreement hypothesis 4

1.1.2.1 Effects of syntactic structure variation 6

1.1.2.2 0ur view on Bobaljik's (2002) hypotheses 8

1.1.3 I Nominative case-marking hypothesis 1 0

1.1.31 Counterevidence from Faroese 1 1

1.1.4 I The hypothesis of overt distinct agreement marking 15

1.1.4.2 0ur view based on Rohrbacher's (1999) counterevidence 15

1.1.5 H01mbergnd Platzack(1 995) 1 7

1.1.5.2 Finiteness feature 20

1.1.5.3 0ur relative proposals 22

1.2 Researches on Subj ect Omission 23

1.2.1 Chomsky (1981, 1982) 24

1.2.2 Jaeggli and Safir (19 8 9) 25

1.2.3 Shortcomings of the two null subj ect hypotheses 27

1.2.4 Vainikka and Levy (1999) 29

I .2.41 Pronominal correspondence 3 0

1.2.4.2 0ur view on Vainikka and Levy's (1999) hypothesis 34

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Main Proposals ofMorphological Effects 37

2.1Morphological Evolution 3 7

2.1.1 Theoretical background 38

2.1.1.1 0riginal morphological inflections 38

2.1.1.2 Tendency of morphological evolution 39

2.1.2 Process of morphological evolution 41

2.1.3 Verbal agreement paradigms of different richness degrees 45

2.1.4 0ur hypothesis about ways of language evolution... 48

2.2 Language Classification with Respect to Verbal Agreement Morphology 51

2.2.1 Presence of the functional category Agr 51

2.2.2 C-Agr vs T-Agr 54

2.2.3 Classification of agreement paradigms 56

2.2.3.1 Classification in our analysis ofword order variation 57

2.2.3.2 Classification in our analysis of subj ect omission 5 8

2.2.3.3 Subdivision of degraded rich agreement morphology 61

2.3 Theoretical Background about Syntactic Effects of Morphological Change 64

2.3.1 Haeberli's (2000) diachronic study 65

2.3.2 Word computation 69

2.4 0ur Proposals of Morphological Effects on Syntax 72

2.4 1 Two a伍xation levels 73

2.4.2 Psychological evidence for affixation levels . 78

2.4.3 Morphological influence on subject omission 82

2.5 Language Change as a Continuum 85

Chapter 3 A Diachronic Study of the Romance Languages 90

3.1 Evolutional Process of Romance Morphology 91

3.1.1 Ancestor of the Romance languages 91

3.1.2 Developmental tendency of clitics 94

3.1.2.1 From simple clitics to special clitics 95

3.1.2.2 From prefixes to sumxes 95

3.1.3 Evolution of Romance clitics 99

3.1.4 0ptional positions of Romance clitics 100

3.21Romanian morphology 105

3.2.2 Romanian syntax 108

3.2.2 1 Unset head parameter value 1 08

3.2.2.2 Free word order 110

3.2.2.3V-to-Tmovement 1 12

3.3IItalianmorphology 114

3.3.2.1 Change of the head parameter value 117

3.3.2.2 Change from C-Agr to T-Agr 121

3.2.2.3 V-to-T movement 123

3.2.2.4 V-to-C movement 124

3.3.2.5 Comparison between Romanian and Italian 126

3.4.1 French morphology 129

3.4.2Frenchsyntax 13 1

3.4.2.1 0bligatory vs optional clitic doubling in Colloquial

3.4.2.2 Fixed word order 134

3.4.2.3 V-to-T movement 137

Chapter 4 A Diachronic Study of the Germanic Languages 142

4.1 Classification of the Germanic Languages 143

4.2 Morphological Evolution of the Germanic Languages 144

4.2.1 Gothic morphology 144

4.2.2 Morphology of the North Germanic languages 145

4.2.2.2 Comparison between Old Scandinavian and the Romance

4.2.2.3 Modem Icelandic 148

4.2.2.4 Mainland Scandinavian languages 15 0

4.2.3 Morphology of the West Germanic languages 152

4.2.3 1 German morphology 1 52

4.2.3.2 Morphological development in English 155

4.3 Syntactic Comparison of the North Germanic Languages 156

4.3.1.1 Unset head parameter value 157

4.31.2Free wordorder 161

4.3.1.3 Syntactic effects of morphological development 163

4.3.2 Similarities in the modern Scandinavian languages 165

4.3.2.1 Head parameter value 165

4.3.2.2 Verb second constraint 166

4.3.3 Differences in the modem Scandinavian languages 172

4.3.4 EMCs in Scandinavian 177

4.4 Syntax of the West Germanic Languages 1 82

4.4 11V-to-C movement 1 82

4.41.2V-to-Tmovement 1 87

4.4.2.1 V-to-T movement in Old English 188

4.4.2.2 Loss of V-to-T movement in Modern English 192

4.4.2.3 Base-generated position of be and have 193

4.4.2.4 Loss of OV pattern in Modern English 195

Chapter 5 Null Subject Permission 198

5 I Main Proposals on Subj ect Omission 199

5.1.1 Classification of agreement paradigms 199

5.1.2 Licensing conditions of different null subj ects 201

5.1.3 Loss of empty topics 203

5 1 .4 Re-interpretation of topics 206

5.2 Full-null-subj ect Languages vs Non-null-subj ect Languages 208

5.21Full-null-subj ect languages 208

5 .2.2 Non-null-subj ect languages 2 12

5 .3 Semi-null-subj ect Languages 2 1 6

5.3.1 0ld Scandinavian and Modern Icelandic 217

Bibliography 241

Acknowledgements 249