中动结构的认知阐释

Acknowledgements

中文摘要

Abstract

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Middle constructions in languages

1.2 The middle construction and middle semantics

1.3 Studies on middles： past and present

1.4 Methodology and procedures

1.5 Goals of this study

1.6 A sketch map of the thesis

Chapter 2 Characteristics of Middles in West-Germanic Languages

2.1 Semantic classification of middles

2.2 The syntactic features of middles in West-Germarric languages

2.2.1 Passive-participant subject and active morphology

2.2.2 Tense and aspect

2.2.3 Adverbial

2.3 Semantic characteristics of middles in West-Germanic languages

2.3.1 Agent irrelevance and the implicit argument

2.3.2 Time-irrelevance and genericity， non-eventiveness

2.3.3 Passive participant and responsibility of subject， causative modality

2.4 Selectional restrictions on verbs and adverbials in middles

2.4.1 Middable verbs

2.4.2 Selectional restriction on adverbial

2.5 Summary

Chapter 3 The Realization of Middle Semantics in Chinese

3.1 Chinese qilai construction

3.2 A preliminary syntactic analysis of the qilai construction...

3.2.1 Chinese qilai construction is not an elliptical structure...

3.2.2 The structural parsing of qilai construction

3.2.3 Chinese qilai construction is active in morphology

3.3 Middle voice verbs and the middle construction

3.4 The realization of middle semantics in the qilai construction...

3.4.1 The implicit argument and the irrelevance of agent

3.4.2 The realization of non-eventiveness

3.4.3 Modality and responsibility of subject

3.4.4 Genericity

3.4.5 Adverb and adverbial effect

3.5 Restrictions on qilai construction

3.6 The status and function of qilai

3.7 Other issues in middles

3.7.1 对于/就……而言/来说 and for-phrase

3.7.2 自己 and oneself in middles

3.8 Summary

Chapter 4 Atypical Middles in Chinese and West-Germanic languages

4.1 Syntactic classification of middles

4.2 Adjunct middles in West-Germanic languages

4.2.1 What is adjunct?

4.2.2 The features of adjunct middles

4.3 Adjunct middles in Chinese

……

Chapter 5 Middles and Tough Constructions

Chapter 6 Middles and Syntactically Similar Constructions

Chapter 7 The Two MF Approaches and Their Problems

Chapter 8 A Cognitive Approach to Middle Construction

Chapter 9 Conditions on Middle Formation

Chapter 10 Integrating the Features of Middles

Chapter 11 Conclusion

References

Author Index

Subject Index

本论文对于西日耳曼语和汉语中的中动结构进行了全面的描述。并从认知的角度对中动结构的形成、构句制约及其语义、句法特征进行了统一的阐释。本论文主要做了以下四个方面的工作。 首先，本文确立了汉语非施事主语“起来”结构的中动地位，并对其语义、句法特征进行了描述和分析。在过去的25年中，中动结构一直是国外语言学界研究的一个热点问题，其中尤以对欧洲语言的研究最为深入，研究表明中动语义具有跨语言普遍性。相比之下，汉语中动研究却相对滞后。现有的研究主要是在生成语法框架内进行的。通过用广为接受的中动语义、句法标准来检验汉语非施事主语起来句[NP V起来Adj]，我们发现这一结构体现了所有的中动语义，具有跟西日耳曼语中动结构[NP V Adv]相同的语义特征和相似的句法表征。据此我们确立了其中动地位，这一结构跟西日耳曼语中动结构同属阿克马和舒莱默所归纳的类型—中动结构。相对于西日耳曼语的中动结构，汉语中动结构能产性更高，事件的各种被动参与者甚至场景等都可以成为汉语中动结构的主语。 其次本文证明了目前流行的对中动结构的分析，如句法说和词汇说，都存在较大问题，因而是不可行的。

《中动结构的认知阐释》对中动语义的定义为中动构式用于表达一个被动参与者由于其某种内在或赋予的特性，在促使动词表达的事件以副词或副词性短语表达的方式发生的过程中所起的积极作用。中动是一种恒时性述谓，描述的并不是实际事件的发生，而是虚拟事件的特征。