理工科物理学

Preface

PART 1： MECHANICS

1.Physics and Measurement

1.1 Standards of Length， Mass， and Time

1.2 Matter and Model Building

1.3 Dimensional Analysis

1.4 Conversion of Units

1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

1.6 Significant Figures

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

2.Motion in One Dimension

2.1 Position， Velocity， and Speed

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.3 Analysis Model： Particle Under Constant Velocity

2.4 Acceleration

2.5 Motion Diagrams

2.6 Analysis Model： Particle Under Constant Acceleration

2.7 Freely Falling Objects

2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

3.Vectors

3.1 Coordinate Systems

3.9 Vector and Scalar Quantities

3.3 Some Properties of Vectors

3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

4.Motion in Two Dimensions

4.1 The Position， Velocity， and Acceleration Vectors

4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

4.3 Projectile Motion

4.4 Analysis Model： Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration

4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

5.The Laws of Motion

5.1 The Concept of Force

5.2 Newtons First Law and Inertial Frames

5.3 Mass

5.4 Newtons Second Law

5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight

5.6 Newtons Third Law

5.7 Analysis Models Using Newtons Second Law

5.8 Forces of Friction

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

6.Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newtons Laws

6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model

6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion

6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames

6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

7.Energy of a System

7.1 Systems and Environments

7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force

7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force

7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

7.6 Potential Energy of a System

7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a

System

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

8.Conservation of Energy

8.1 Analysis Model： Nonisolated System （Energy）

8.2 Analysis Model： Isolated System （Energy）

8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconser-vative Forces

8.5 Power

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

9.Linear Momentum and Collisions

9.1 Linear Momentum

9.2 Analysis Model： Isolated System （Momentum）

9.3 Analysis Model： Nonisolated System （Momentum）

9.4 Collisions in One Dimension

9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions

9.6 The Center of Mass

9.7 Systems of Many Particles

9.8 Deformable Systems

9.9 Rocket Propulsion

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

10. Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis

10.1 Angular Position， Velocity， and Acceleration

10.2 Analysis Model： Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration

10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities

10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy

10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia

10.6 Torque

10.7 Analysis Model： Rigid Object Under a Net Torque

10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion

10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

11. Angular Momentum

11.1 The Vector Product and Torque

11.2 Analysis Model： Nonisolated System （Angular Momentum）

11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object

11.4 Analysis Model： Isolated System （Angular Momentum）

11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity

12.1 Analysis Model： Rigid Object in Equilibrium

12.2 More on the Center of Gravity

12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium

12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

13. Universal Gravitation

13.1 Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force

13.3 Keplers Laws and the Motion of Planets

13.4 The Gravitational Field

13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy

13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and

Satellite Motion

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

14. Fluid Mechanics

14.1 Pressure

14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth

14.3 Pressure Measurements

14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

14.5 Fluid Dynamics

14.6 Bernoullis Equation

14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

PART 2： OSCILLATIONS AND MECHANICAL WAVES

15. Oscillatory Motion

15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

15.2 Analysis Model： Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion

15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion

15.5 The Pendulum

15.6 Damped Oscillations

15.7 Forced Oscillations

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

16. Wave Motion494

16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance

16.2 Analysis Model： Traveling Wave

16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings

16.4 Reflection and Transmission

16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves onStrings

16.6 The Linear Wave Equation

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

17. Sound Waves

17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves

17.2 Speed of Sound Waves

17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves

17.4 The Doppler Effect

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

18. Superposition and Standing Waves

18.1 Analysis Model： Waves in Interference

18.2 Standing Waves

18.3 Analysis Model： Waves Under Boundary Conditions

18.4 Resonance

18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns

18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes

18.7 Beats： Interference in Time

18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

PART 3： THERMODYNAMICS

19. Temperature

19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale

19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale

19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

Summary

Objective Questizons

Conceptual Questions

Problems

20. The First Law of Thermodynamics

20.1 Heat and Internal Energy

20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry

20.3 Latent Heat

20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics

20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

21. The Kinetic Theory of Gases

21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas

21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

21.4 The Equipartition of Energy

21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

22. Heat Engines， Entropy， and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes

22.4 The Carnot Engine

22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines

22.6 Entropy

22.7 Entropy and the Second Law

22.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

PART 4： ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

23. Electric Fields

23.1 Properties of Electric Charges

23.2 Charging Objects by Induction

23.3 Coulombs Law

23.4 The Electric Field

23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution

23.6 Electric Field Lines

23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

24．Gauss，SLaw

24．1 Electric Flux

24．2 Gauss’s Law

24．3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions

24．4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

25．Electric Potential

25．1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference

25．2 Potential Difrerence in a Uniform Electric Field

25．3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges

25．4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential

25．5 Electric Potential DHe to Continuous Charge Distributions

25．6 Electric Potential DHe to a Charged Conductor

25．7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

25．8 Applications of Electrostatics

Summary

Objective Ouestions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

26．Capacitance and Dielectrics

26．1 Deftnition of Capacitance

26．2 Calculating Capacitance

26．3 Combinations of Capacitors

26．4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor

26．5 Capacitors with Dielectrics

26．6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field

26．7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

27．Current and Resistance

27．1 Electric Current．

27．2 Resistance

27．3 A Model for Electrical Conduction

27．4 Resistance and Temperature

27．5 Superconductors

27．6 Electrical Power

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

28．Direct-Current Circuits

28．1 Electromotive Force

28．2 Resistors in Series and Parallel

28．3 Kirchhoff’s Rules

28．4 RC Circuits

28．5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safetv

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

29．Magnetic Fields

29．1 Magnetic Fields and Forces

29．2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a UnifcIrm Magnetic Field

29．3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field

29．4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current．Carrying Conductor

29．5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

29．6 The Hall Eflbct

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

30．Sources of the Magnetic Field

30．1 The Biot-SavartLaw

30．2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors

30．3 Ampere’s Law

30．4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

30．5 GRUSS’s Law in Magnetism

30．6 Magnetism in Matter

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

31．FaradaysLaw

31．1 Faraday’s Law of Induction

31．2 Motional emf

31．3 Lenz’sLaw

31．4 Induced emf and Electric Fields

31．5 Generators and Motors

31．6 Eddy Currents

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

32．Inductance

32．1 Self-Induction and Inductance

32．2 RL Circuits

32．3 Energy in a Magnetic Field

32．4 Mutual Inductance

32．5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit

32．6 The RLC Circuit

Summary

Objective Questions

Conceptual Questions

Problems

33．Alternating-Current Circuits

33．1 AC Sources

33．2 Resistors in an AC Circuit

33．3 Tndllctors in an Ar Gircuit

……

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