包装工程概论

UNIT 1An Overview Of Packaging1

Lesson 1A Historical Perspective On Packaging1

1What Is Packaging?1

2Primitive Packaging2

3From Rome To The Renaissance3

4The Industrial Revolution5

5The Evolution Of New Packaging Roles6

6Packaging In The 20th Century8

7Modern Packaging9

7．1Changing Needs and New Roles9

7．2Packaging and the Modern Industrial Society9

7．3World Packaging11

8Waste Management And Environmental Issues12

9The Modern Packaging Industry16

Lesson 2Basic Functions of Packaging22

1Introduction22

2The Containment Function23

3The Protection/Preservation Function23

4Food Preservation24

4．1The Nature of Food24

4．2Meat products26

4．3Fish26

4．4Produce26

4．5Barrier Packaging27

4．6Microorganisms28

5The Transport Function35

6The Information/Sales Function36

UNIT 2Packaging Materials And Containers42

Lesson 3Paper and Paperboard42

1Introduction42

2Representative Papermaking Machines42

2．1Fourdrinier machines42

2．2Cylinder Machines43

2．3TwinWire Machines45

3Machine Direction And Cross Direction45

4Surface Or DryEnd，Treatments And Coatings46

5Paper Chracterization47

5．1Caliper and Weight47

5．2Brightness48

5．3Paper and Moisture Content48

5．4Viscoelasticity49

6Paper Types49

6．1Newsprint and Related Grades49

6．2Book Papers49

6．3Commercial Papers49

6．4Greaseproof Papers50

6．5Natural Kraft Paper50

6．6Bleached Krafts and Sulfites50

6．7Tissue Paper50

6．8Label Paper50

6．9Pouch Papers51

6．10Containerboards（linerboard and medium）51

7Paperboard Grades51

7．1Chipboard，Cardboard，Newsboard51

7．2Bending Chipboard51

7．3Lined Chipboard51

7．4Single WhiteLined（SWL）Paperboard52

7．5ClayCoated Newsback（CCNB）52

7．6Double WhiteLined（DWL）Paperboard52

7．7Solid Bleached Sulfate（SBS）52

7．8Food Board52

7．9Solid Unbleached Sulfate（SUS）52

Lesson 4Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes57

1Historical Perspective57

2Corrugated Board58

2．1Construction58

2．2Flutes59

2．3Fiberboard Grades60

2．4Corrugating Adhesives61

2．5Board Manufacture62

3Fiberboard Characterization Tests63

3．1Mullen Burst Test（TAPPI T 810）63

3．2Edgewise Compression Test（TAPPI T 811）63

3．3Flat Crush Test（TAPPI T 808）．64

3．4Combined Weight of Facings64

3．5Thickness of Corrugated Board（TAPPI T 411）64

3．6Gurley Porosity（TAPPI T 460 and T 536）64

3．7Flexural Stiffness（TAPPI T 820）64

3．8Water Takeup Tests（TAPPI T 441）64

3．9Puncture Test（TAPPI T 803）64

3．10Pin Adhesion（TAPPI T 821）65

3．11Ply Separation（TAPPI T 812）65

3．12Coefficient of Friction（TAPPI T 815 and ASTM 04521）65

4Corrugated Boxes65

4．1Selecting the Correct Flute65

4．2Box Styles67

4．3Manufacturers joint68

4．4Dimensioning68

5Carrier Rules68

5．1Application68

5．2Summary of Rules for Corrugated Box Construction69

Lesson 5Metal Containers75

1Background75

2Common Metal Container Shapes76

3ThreePiece Steel Cans77

4TwoPiece Cans79

4．1Draw Processes79

4．2DrawandRedraw Process79

4．3DrawandIron Process80

5Impact Extrusion81

6Aerosols83

6．1Aerosol Propellants83

6．2Other Pressurized Dispensers84

Lesson 6Glass Containers89

1Glass Types And General Properties89

2Bottle Manufacture90

2．1Blowing the Bottle or Jar90

2．2Annealing92

2．3Surface Coatings92

2．4Inspection and Packing93

3Bottle Design Features93

3．1Bottle Parts and Shapes93

3．2Finish and Closures94

3．3Neck and Shoulder Areas94

3．4Sides94

3．5Heel and Base95

3．6Stability and Machinability95

3．7Vials and Ampoules95

3．8Carbonated Beverages96

Lesson 7Plastics in Packaging98

1Introduction To Plastics98

2Thermoplastic And Thermoset Polymers100

3Shaping Plastics101

4Plasticating Extruders101

5Extrusion102

5．1Profile Extrusion102

5．2Sheet and Film Extrusion103

5．3BlownFilm Extrusion103

5．4Orientation104

5．5CoExtrusion105

6Injection Molding105

6．1Injection Molding Machines105

6．2Coinjection Molding106

7Extrsion Blow Molding106

8Injection Blow Molding107

9Thermoforming109

9．1Principle and Applications109

9．2Thermoforming Methods109

9．3Billow forming110

10Other Forming Methods111

10．1Pressblowing111

10．2Rotational Molding111

10．3Compression Molding111

10．4BlowFillSeal Molding112

11Recognizing Molding Methods112

Lesson 8Flexible Packaging Laminates116

1Laminates116

2Aluminum Foil 116

2．1Chemical Characteristics117

2．2Aluminum Foil in Flexible Packaging117

2．3Foil Coatings118

3Vacuum Metallizing119

3．1The Metallizing Process119

3．2VacuumMetallizing Paper120

3．3VacuumMetallizing Films120

4Other Inorganic Coating121

4．1Silicone oxides121

4．2Carbon coatings121

4．3Nanocomposites121

5Laminate Structural And Physical Properties121

5．1Coefficient of Friction122

5．2Body and DeadFold Properties123

5．3Tear Properties123

5．4 Thermoformability123

5．5Use Environments123

6Flaxible Bags，Pouches And Sachets123

7Sealability126

8Barrier Properties127

9Laminating Processes129

9．1Bonding Methods129

9．2Laminating Machines129

9．3Coating Stations130

10Specifying Laminates132

Lesson 9Closures138

1Selection Considerations138

2Tamper Evident Closures139

3Tamper Evident Systems140

4ChildResistant Closures142

UNIT 3Packaging Dynamics and Distribution Packaging145

Lesson 10Shock，Vibration，and Compression145

1Shock145

1．1Shock Resulting from Drops145

1．2Shock During Rail Transport147

1．3Other Shock Conditions147

1．4Quantifying Shock Fragility148

1．5Cushioning Against Shock151

2Vibration152

2．1Vibration Damage Due to Relative Motion153

2．2Vibration Resonance153

2．3Stack Resonance154

2．4Isolating Vibration155

3Compression156

3．1Static and Dynamic Compression156

3．2Compression Strength and Warehouse Stack Duration157

3．3Compression Strength and Humidity157

3．4Other Factors Influencing Box Stack Strength157

3．5Contents’ Effect on Compression Strength159

3．6Plastic Bottle Stacking Factors161

3．7Stacking and Compression161

3．8Distribution Environment and Container Performance162

3．9Estimating Required Compression Strength163

Lesson 11Mechanical Shock169

1Introduction169

2The Freely Falling Package169

3Mechanial Shock Theory171

4Shock Duration176

5Shock Amplification And The Critical Element177

6Horizontal Impacts179

Lesson 12Lansmont Six Step Method184

1Step 1 Define The Environment185

1．1Shock Environment185

1．2Vibration Environment187

2Step 2 Product Fragility Analysis188

2．1Shock：Damage Boundary188

2．2Vibration：Resonance Search &Dwell191

3Step 3 Product Improvement Feedback192

4Step 4 Cushion Material Performance Evaluation192

4．1Shock Cushion Performance192

4．2Vibration Cushion Performance193

5Step 5 Package Design194

5．1Shock：Package Design194

5．2Vibration：Package Design195

5．3Package Design Considerations196

6Step 6 Test The Product／package System196

6．1Shock：Package Testing196

6．2Vibration：Package Testing197

Lesson 13Distribution Packaging200

1Short History Of Distribution Packaging In The USA200

2Functions And Goals Of Distribution Packaging200

2．1Containment200

2．2Protection200

2．3Performance200

2．4Communication201

2．5Product Protection201

2．6Ease of Handling and Storage201

2．7Shipping Effectiveness201

2．8Manufacturing Efficiency201

2．9Ease of Identification201

2．10Customer Needs201

2．11Environmental Responsibility201

3The Cost Of Packaging201

4The Package Design Process202

5Taking A Total System Approach To Package Design202

6The Protective Package Concept203

7The 10Step Process Of Distribution Packaging Design205

7．1Identify the Physical Characteristics of the Product205

7．2Determine Marketing and Distribution Requirements205

7．3Learn About the Environmental Hazards Your Packages

will Encounter205

7．4Consider Packaging and Unitizing Alternatives205

7．5Design the Distribution Package205

7．6Determine Quality of Protection Through PerformanceTesting206

7．7Redesign Package（and Unit Load）Until It Successfully

Passes All Tests206

7．8Redesign the Product if Indicated and Feasible206

7．9Develop the Packaging Methods207

7．10Document All Work207

8A Final Check207

9The Warehouse207

10Unit Loads208

该教材主要包括：Unit 1An Overview of Packaging 包装概述、Unit 2 Packaging Materials and Containers 包装材料和容器、Unit 3 Packaging Dynamics and Distribution Packaging 包装动力学与运输包装、Unit 4 Packaging Technology 包装技术、Unit 5 Packaging Development 包装研发。