北五味子化学成分分析及利用

Contents

FOREWORD TO THE SERIES

FOREWORD

PREFACE

PART I SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS(TURCZ.)BAILL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS(TURCZ.)BAILL 3

1.1 BOTANICAL CHARACTERS OF SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS 3

1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS 5

REFERENCES 6

CHAPTER 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS(TURCZ.)BAILL 7

2.1 EFFECT ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 7

2.2 EFFECT ON LIVER PROTECTION 9

2.3 ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT 12

2.4 ANTI-TUMOR EFFECT 13

2.5 EFFECT ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 15

2.6 EFFECT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM 15

2.7 EFFECT ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 16

2.8 EFFECT ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 17

REFERENCES 18

CHAPTER 3 ACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS(TURCZ.)BAILL 23

3.1 VOLATILE MOLECULES-ESSENTIAL OIL 24

3.1.1 Main Ingredient of Schisandra Essential Oil 24

3.1.2 Extraction Methods of Essential Oil 25

3.2 WATER SOLUBLE MOLECULES-ANTHOCYANIN 28

3.2.1 Extraction Methods of Anthocyanin 29

3.2.2 Purification Methods of Anthocyanin 30

3.3 WATER SOLUBLE MACROMOLECULES-POLYSACCHARIDES 31

3.3.1 Extraction Methods of Polysaccharides 31

3.4 FAT SOLUBLE MOLECULES-BIPHENYL CYCLOOCTENE LIGNANS 32

3.4.1 Main Chemical Composition of Lignans 32

3.4.2 Extraction Methods of Lignans 33

3.4.3 Purification Methods of lignans 33

3.5 FAT SOLUBLE MOLECULES-SEED OIL 34

3.5.1 Main Chemical Composition of Seed Oil 34

3.5.2 Extraction Methods of Seed Oil 34

3.5.3 Esterification Methods of Seed Oil 35

3.6 INSOLUBLE MACROMOLECULES-LIGNOCELLULOSE RESIDUES 36

REFERENCES 37 PART II EXTRACTION SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS(TURCZ.)BAILL CHAPTER 4 EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE MOLECULES-ESSENTIAL OIL 43

4.1 INTRODUCTION 43

4.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 44

4.2.1 Material 44

4.2.2 Methods 44

4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 49

4.3.1 Single Factor of SFME 49

4.3.2 Optimal Conditions by CCD 50

4.3.3 Antioxidant Activity Tests 52

4.3.4 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils by Different Extraction Method 54

4.3.5 Physical constants evaluation 55

4.3.6 General Morphology Changes After Extraction 56

4.3.7 TGA of the Material After Extraction 56

4.3.8 Cost, Energy, and Environment Impact 57

4.4 CONCLUSIONS 58

REFERENCES 58

CHAPTER 5 EXTRACTION OF WATER SOLUBLE MOLECULES-ANTHOCYANIN 60

5.1 INTRODUCTION 60

5.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 61

5.2.1 Material 61

5.2.2 Methods 62

5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66

5.3.1 Extraction pH 66

5.3.2 Optimal Conditions by BBD 67

5.3.3 Adsorption and Desorption 69

5.3.4 Content and Colour Stability of S. chinensis Fruit Anthocyanin 73

5.4 CONCLUSIONS 77

REFERENCES 78

CHAPTER 6 EXTRACTION OF WATER SOLUBLE MACROMOLECULES-POLYSACCHARIDES 81

6.1 INTRODUCTION 81

6.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 82

6.2.1 Material 82

6.2.2 Methods 83

6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 85

6.3.1 Standard Curves 85

6.3.2 Factors of UAE and MAE 86

6.3.3 Alternant Digestion by UAE and MAE 88

6.3.4 Comparison with Different Extraction Methods 90

6.3.5 Separation and Purification of Crud Polysaccharides 91

6.3.6 Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Activity of Polysaccharides 92

6.3.7 In Vitro Activity of Polysaccharides 94

6.4 CONCLUSIONS 95

Concents ix REFERENCES 95

CHAPTER 7 EXTRACTION OF FAT SOLUBLE MOLECULES-BIPHENYL CYCLOOCTENE LIGNANS 98

7.1 INTRODUCTION 98

7.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 101

7.2.1 Material 101

7.2.2 Methods 103

7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 111

7.3.1 HPLC Analysis 111

7.3.2 LC-ESI-MS Analysis 112

7.3.3 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction 112

7.3.4 Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction with IL 119

7.3.5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction with IL 127

7.3.6 Static Ion-Exchange Resin Hydrolysis Tests 136

7.3.7 Static Macroporous Resin Adsorption and Desorption Tests 138

7.3.8 Dynamic Ion-Exchange Resin Hydrolysis Combined with Macroporous Resin Adsorption and

Desorption Tests 141

7.3.9 Hydrolysis Mechanisms and Hydrolysis Efficiency of Ion Exchange Resin 143

7.3.10 Reuse of Resins in Continuous Processes 144

7.3.11 Dynamic Ionic-Liquid Hydrolysis Combined with Macroporous Resin Adsorption and

Desorption Tests 144

7.4 CONCLUSIONS 147

REFERENCES 149

CHAPTER 8 EXTRACTION OF FAT SOLUBLE MOLECULES-SEED OIL 153

8.1 INTRODUCTION 153

8.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 156

8.2.1 Material 156

8.2.2 Methods 157

8.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 160

8.3.1 Extraction and Properties of Crude Seed Oil 160

8.3.2 Transeasterification with H2SO4 as Catalyst 161

8.3.3 Transeasterification with Ion-Exchange Resin as Catalyst 162

8.3.4 Transeasterification with Ionic Liquid as Catalyst 163

8.3.5 Properties of Biodiesel Prepared by Different Methods 164

8.3.6 TG Analysis of Crude Seed Oil and Biodiesel 164

8.3.7 FT-IR Analysis of Crude Seed Oil and Biodiesel 166

8.3.8 GC-MS Analysis of Crude Seed Oil and Biodiesel 166

8.4 CONCLUSIONS 167

REFERENCES 167

CHAPTER 9 PYROLYSIS OF INSOLUBLE MACROMOLECULES-LIGNOCELLULOSE RESIDUES 170

9.1 INTRODUCTION 170

9.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 171

9.2.1 Material 171

9.2.2 Methods 172

9.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 175 Chemistry Analysis and Utilization of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

9.3.1 Influence of Moisture Content and Molding Temperature on the Briquetting Effect 175

9.3.2 Pyrolysis Curves and Yields of Pyrolysis Products 176

9.3.3 Separation of PA from Bio-Oil 177

9.3.4 Determination of Total Phenolics Content 178

9.3.5 DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity 179

9.3.6 Ferric Reducing Power 180

9.3.7 Chemical Composition of PA Extracts and Bio-Oil 181

9.4 CONCLUSIONS 184

REFERENCES 185

ABBREVIATIONS 184

This book was divided into two parts and total nine chapters were included. In the first part, the botanical
characters, the geographical distribution, and the pharmacological studies of Schisandra chinensis were
introduced respectively. In the second part, the extraction methods and purification technologies of active
compounds from Schisandra chinensis were described. Schisandra chinensis active compounds were
included the volatile molecules-essential oil, the water soluble molecules-anthocyanins, the water soluble
macromolecules-polysaccharides, the fat soluble molecules-biphenyl cyclooctene lignans, and the fat
soluble molecules-seed oil. In addition, the insoluble macromolecules-lignocellulose residues were recycled
and pyrolyzed for the preparation of renewable energy, such as bio-gas, bio-pyroligneous acid, bio-oil, and
bio-char. Not only realized the full advantage of the natural active products in Schisandra chinensis fruits,
and also zero emissions to the environment, which contribute to environment friendly comprehensive
utilization of the medicinal resources-Schisandra chinensis.