A.can ruin a conference

B.often occurs among a crowd of people

C.provides instant feedback

D.is an inattentive conversation between people

2.It's generally believed that people communicate to .

A.lead others to believe lies

B.explore the faithful information

C.convey information to each other

D.distinguish faithful information from lies

3.The underlined word "incoherence" in Paragraph 2 means something that .

A.speakers can't express precisely

B.goes off the subject of the conversation

C.is abstract and difficult to understand

D.speakers don't prepare listeners to understand

4.What can we learn from the psychology experiments?

A.More than half of the subjects were talked in a confused way.

B.It takes a lot of effort to convey information clearly.

C.People are able to realize the nonsense in their communication.

D.The experiments prove that purposeful communication doesn't exist.

　　Shoyna，a small Russian village located on the edge of the Arctic Circle，is often referred to as the world's northernmost desert.The sand covers everything as far as the eye can see and the few people living here never dare shut their front doors at night，for fear of being buried alive by the ever­shifting dunes(沙丘).They try day and night to change the desert into a green area but in vain.

　　However，Shoyna wasn't always like this.It was settled in the 1930s by fishermen drawn to the coast of the White Sea by the abundance of fish in the area.In just two decades，it had grown into a bustling fishing port with a population of around 1,500 people and a fleet of roughly seventy fishing boats.However，it wasn't long before the fishery collapsed.Dozens of vessels lining the shore stopped coming and many of the families that had thrived(繁荣) in Shoyna slowly moved away.Today，the official number of inhabitants is 375，and most of them survive on unemployment benefits and pensions.Hunting is also a way to make ends meet，thanks to a large number of barnacles and brent geese that use Shoyna as a stopover on their migration route，but the most profitable job in the village is definitely that of a bulldozer(推土机) driver，as everyone needs to have their house dug up from the sand at one point.

Modern­day Shoyna lies in the middle of a desert，but historical records show that when the