used for both women and men is not so accurate in picking up depression in fathers. Her research showed higher levels of depression in dads because it added in a score more reflective of "male" symptoms of depression such as agitation, anger, irritability (易怒), working longer hours and drinking too much.

Depression in fathers may be rising not just because researchers are looking for it, but because

more new dads are struggling. Psouni believes fathers increasingly face the same dilemmas that mothers do - including trying to combine parenthood with working. Fathers who got depressed often had external pressures, such as job issues, and if their partner was depressed, their own risk of depression doubled. Lack of sleep, having twins and conflict in the relationship can all contribute.

　　A depressed dad will play and smile less with his child. Children are deeply affected by paternal postnatal depression with studies showing poorer measures of wellbeing and more behavioural problems at the age of seven.

　　Fathers who sense they may be struggling and partners, relatives or friends who notice an increase in irritability and anxiety in a man in the first year of parenthood (paternal depression is more dispersed throughout the first 12 months) should consider the possibility of paternal postnatal depression.

Cognitive behavioural therapy ( 认知行为疗法) can help, as can antidepressants. If the

depression is not recognised, says Psouni, "one of most terrible things is that you catch up with yourself a year later and realise you have been really down and struggling - and the first year of your child's life has gone."

1. What is revealed about men according to a Sweden research?

A. They experience a sharp decline in hormone.

B. Many of them suffer from postnatal depression.

C. They seldom go through pregnancy or childbirth.

Many of them qualify for the transition to fatherhood.