Module7 Unit4: grammar and usage 编号：NO:031

　　教学

　　目标 　　一、 What is a phrasal verb ;

　　二、 How to use phrasal verbs correctly. 　　教学重点 How to use phrasal verbs correctly. 　　教学难点 How to use phrasal verbs correctly. 　　学情分析 The grammar target of this unit is phrasal verbs. Students will learn what a phrasal verb is and read some rules about how to use phrasal verbs correctly. They are expected to apply what they have learnt to practical use by finishing a dialogue and a word game.

　　教学媒体 　　教 学 过 程 　　复 备 栏 　　Step 1: General introduction

Let's have a try, everyone! Can you give me correct answers to the following sentences?

　　高考链接

1. My cousin came to see me from the country, me a full basket of fresh fruits．(2006安徽)

A. brought B. bringing

C. to bring D. had brought

2. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one . (2006安徽)

A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed

3. If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things, think again.（2006湖南）

A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting

4. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _____.（2006湖南）

A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using

5. To a room above the store, where a party ______, some workers were busily setting the table.（2006湖南）

A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held

6. Don't respond to any e-mails personal information, no matter how official they look.（2006天津）

A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning

7. _______for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.（2006福建）

A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed

8. It is difficult to imagine his _______ the decision without any consideration.（2006陕西）

A. to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted

答案：1-5 BCDBA 6-8 CBC

　　well done! Today we'll learn a new Grammar item--PARTICIPLES

　　The grammar item in this unit focuses on verb-ed and verb-ing, both of which are also called participles. You will review the functions of verb-ed and verb-ing in different situations. You are expected to apply what you learn to practice by fulfilling some written tasks.

Step 2: Explanation:

1. 分词的构成

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词构成为V+ing, 过去分词构成为V+ed。分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。

2. 现在分词和过去分词的区别

1) 在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。

Developing countries 发展中国家The developed countries 发达国家

　 Boiling water 沸腾的水 Boiled water 开水

2) 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。

The oppressing class 压迫阶级 The oppressed class 被压迫阶级

Burning fire 燃烧的火焰 Burned skin 烧伤的皮肤

3. 分词的时态与语态

1) 一般式（主动、被动）

分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，主要作定语、状语或宾补。

　　E.g. When I entered the room, I found him reading. 当我进入房间时，我发现他在读书。

I found the flowers watered. 我发现花已浇过了。

The building being repaired is a hospital. 正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。

He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他发现到处都在谈论这件事。

Being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns. 敌人被包围，不得不缴械投降。

2) 完成式（主动、被动）

分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。完成时态的分词在句中常作状语，一般不作定语。

　　E.g. Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.

由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。

Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up?

给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？

3) 现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别

　　过去分词表示动作已完成，不强调时间概念，而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。

　　E.g. The building repaired is library. 修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。

The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。

4) 延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别

　　延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子，而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。

E.g. Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在马路上走时，突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。

Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off.

到达机场时，我发现我的班机已经起飞了。

4. 分词的独立结构

分词（短语）作状语时，尽管在形式上它没有主语，但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。

E.g. Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers.在大学学习时，我从老师那里学到了很多东西。

　　但是，分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为分词的独立结构。它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随的动作，有时还可用介词with, without 来引导。

　　E.g. His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）

　　Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作。（条件）

　　He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随）

They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。（伴随）

　　注意：分词用于独立结构时，如果分词是being, having been done形式时，没有实际意义的being或having been可以省略。

　　E.g. The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人处于不好的状况，他的体温超过40℃，脉搏既弱又快。

The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 读完报告，开始讨论。

The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 实验结束后，我们离开了实验室回家了。

Step 3: Practice:

1. Let's look at Part A on page 57. In this part, you'll read a newspaper article about car pollution. You need to find out the participles used in the article and identify their functions. Write attr for an attribute and adv for an adverbial above each participle phrase.

Answers

leading attr released attr increasing attr breathing attr

noticing adv breathing related attr caused attr realizing adv

2. Now, please turn to Part B on page 57. By doing this part, you'll have another chance to practise using the participles.

Answers

(1) pleased (2) interesting (3) confusing (4) annoying (5) amused

(6) tired (7) surprising (8) relaxing (9) excited (10) disappointed

Step 4 Consolidation: 高考链接

1. I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ______?（2004上海春）

A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought

2. Victor apologized for ______ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004上海春)

A. his being not able C. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able

3. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ______ the desert. (2006湖南)

A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover

4. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing. (2006江苏)

A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said

5. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect（2003上海）

A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

6. ______ the meeting himself gave himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.（2003上海春）

A. The president will attend B. The president to attend

C. The president attended D. The president's attending

7. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live.（2003上海）

A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing

8. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.（2002全国）

A. it what to do with B. what to do it with

C. what to do with it D. to do what with it

9. ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (2006四川)

A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face

Step 5: Homework:

1. Parts B1 and B2 on page 127 of the Workbook.

2. Prepare the Part Grammar and Usage.