情态动词
一. 情态动词的概念:
所谓情态动词是指它含有一定的含意.可以表达某种感情和说话的口气,但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。情态动词有:can(could),may(might),must(must),have to,shall(should),will (would),need(need),dare(dared),ought to。要注意的是:1).情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2).情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3).情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词等形式。
二 . can, could 和be able to
1. can could表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。如:(1). Can you finish this work tonight? (2). Man cannot live without air.(3).Can I go now? Yes,you can.(4).They will be able to tell you the news soon..他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2. 只用be able to :a. 位于助动词后。 b. 情态动词后。 c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 d. 用于句首表示条件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。如:He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
3. could也可表示请求。语气委婉.主要用于疑问句.不可用于肯定句,答语应用Can。 如:1) .--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2). ----Could I come to see you tomorrow?
---Yes, you can . (否定答语可以用No, I'm afraid not).
在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。如:He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。
4. 表示惊异.怀疑,不相信态度。(主要用在否定旬、疑问句或感叹句中)
Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him.
5. can (could)+have+过去分词"的疑问或否定形式表示对过发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。例如:He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book?
can't/couldn't可表否定推测。 如:If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。
6. can 习惯用法:① cannot but不得不;如:
I cannot but admire his courage.我不得不佩服他的勇气。
② cannot (couldn't) help + doing 情不自禁;如:When I heard what the little girl said I couldn't help laughing.当我听见小女孩所讲的,不禁大笑起来。
③ can but只好,不得不;如: We can but agree with him.我们只好同意他。
④ cannot ...too...怎么......也不过分;如:You cannot be too careful in the choice of your friends.你在选择朋友时,怎么小心也不过分。
三.may和might
1.表示许可。表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时要用mustn't表示"不可以"、"禁止"、"阻止"之意。例如:
You may drive the car.Might I use your pen? No,you mustn't.
(用May I...征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常用语中用Can。)
2.表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意) He may be very busy now.
3.用于析使句中表示祝愿。May you succeed !