Period Three　Grammar & Writing

Ⅰ.动词­ing形式的完成式作状语

1．动词­ing形式的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前。若动词的­ing形式所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系，则用having done；若是动宾关系，则用having been done。动词­ing形式的完成式在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、让步等。

Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables.

在乡下工作了三年之后，他学会了如何种菜。(时间状语)

2．否定形式为not having done/not having been done

Not having studied his lessons very hard，he failed the examination.

因为没有努力学习，所以他考试不及格。

3．动词­ing形式的一般式与完成式的区别：

动词­ing形式的一般式所表示的动作与主句谓语动词所表示的动作往往同时发生，而完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

Turning to the right at the crossing，you will see the post office right in front of you.

在十字路口向右拐，你会发现邮局就在你前面。

Having finished his homework，he went out to play.

做完作业后，他就出去玩了。

4．过去分词和动词­ing形式的完成被动式的区别：

过去分词表示完成、被动意义，着重状态；动词­ing形式的完成被动式侧重动作。表达意义不明显时，常优先使用比较简洁的过去分词。

He walked along the street，lost in thought.

他漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。

Having been seriously injured in the accident，he had to be taken to the hospital immediately.

由于在事故中严重受伤，他需要立刻被送到医院。

即时跟踪1　用所给动词的正确形式填空

(1)Having failed(fail) to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.

(2)Having been written(write) in haste，the essay was not worth reading.

(3)The first book written(write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th