语法解读

Grammar Ⅰ　Defining relative clauses

关系从句

　　用作定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词（或代词）之后，这种名词（或代词）被称作先行词，引导定语从句的关联词被称为关系代词和关系副词。

　　一、关系代词

　　1.关系代词的一般用法列表如下：

关系代词 指代 在定语从句中所充当的成分 人 物 句子 主语 宾语 定语 who √ √ √ whom √ √ which √ √ √ √ that √ √ √ √ whose √ √ √ as √ √ √ √ 　　The man who was here yesterday is a painter.（who作主语）

　　The man who I saw is called Smith.（who作宾语，亦可省略）

　　I know the man whom you mean.（whom作宾语）

　　A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.(that作主语,指物)

　　Is he the man that sells eggs? （that作主语，指人）

　　We told him to consult the doctor，whose advice he took.（whose作定语）

　　The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact，they were.（which作表语）

　　I have that which you gave me.（which作宾语）

　　This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages.（which作主语）

　　2.who/whom与that的区别：指人时，在下列情况下一般选用who或whom：

　　当先行词为those，one，anyone，nobody等不定代词时。如：

　　The one who knows me well is Tom.

　　在分隔型定语从句中，先行词代指人时。如：

　　A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

　　先行词为there be 结构的主语时。如：

　　There is a man who wants to see you.

　　当先行词是泛指代词he,they或指示代词those等时，常用who或whom。如：

　　We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnest.

　　有两个定语从句出现在一个句子中，第一个关系代词用that的话，第二个应用who以免重复。

　　3.which/that区别：代指物时,一般可以互换,在下列情况下常选用that：

　　先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词及all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the last等修饰词语时。如：

　　I have read all the books that you gave me.

　　先行词为all,few,nothing,everything,little,much等不定代词时。如：

　　He did all（that）he could to help us.

　　先行词既表人又表物或者既表时间又表地点时。如：

　　He talked about the teachers and the schools that he had visited.

当主句主语是以who 或which 开头的疑问句时。如：