七、非谓语动词
非谓语动词的语法功能
所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足语 定语 状语 V-ing形式 现在分词 △ △ △ △ 动名词 △ △ △ △ 不定式(to do) △ △ △ △ △ △ 过去分词(done) △ △ △ △ 注:现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分
generally speaking一般说来;frankly speaking坦白地说;judging from/by...根据......来判断;considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到......;
to tell you the truth说实话;seeing...考虑到......;supposing假设,如果;providing如果;given考虑到,鉴于;provided that如果
非谓语动词的形式变化
非谓语
形式 构成 时态 语态 复合结构 否定式 主动 被动 不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth.
或
of sb. to do sth. 在"to"前加not
或never 进行式 to have done to have been done 完成式 to be doing / 完成
进行式 to have been doing / 动名词 一般式 doing being done sb.或sb's doing
作主语要用
sb's doing 在前加not
特别注意复合结构的否定式:
sb's not doing
sb's not having done 完成式 having done having been done 现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not 在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个:一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词;二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。
一、谓语与非谓语的比较
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如:他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you,而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。
例:Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.
A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand
分析:stood是与sat并列的谓语。
非谓语语法功能的比较
做宾语的非谓语动词比较
情况 常用动词 只接不定式
做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接动名词
做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to