(一)概念
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分,叫作状语。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
(二)不同形式的状语
1.副词(短语)作状语
The boy needs a pen very much.
男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs a pen now./Now the boy needs a pen./The boy now needs a pen.
男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
2.介词短语作状语
Before his mother Tom is always a boy.
在母亲面前,汤姆总是个孩子。(地点状语)
On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
星期天,教室里没有学生。(时间状语)
3.分词(短语)作状语
He sits there, asking for a pen.
他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
4.动词不定式作状语
We were glad to hear that ShenzhouXⅠ had been sent up into space successfully.
听到神舟十一号成功发射的消息我们很高兴。(原因状语)
5.名词作状语
Come this way!
走这条路!(方式状语)
I will be back next Monday.
我下周一回来。(时间状语)
6.形容词作状语
Tired and hot, we had to stop to have a break.
又累又热,我们只好停下来休息。(原因状语)
(三)位置
状语在句中的位置比较灵活。一般来讲,多数状语都放在句子的后面。修饰谓语动词的状语一般放在谓语的后面,若有宾语则放在宾语的后面。修饰整个句子的状语则放在句子的最前面,并用逗号隔开。但有些副词作状语则放在实义动词之前,助动词、be动词或情态动词之后,如always, often, usually, never, ever等。
She studies hard at school.