十一、被动语态
被动语态的构成形式
⒈ 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:
(1)am/is/are + done(过去分词)一般现在时
(2)has /have been done 现在完成时
(3)am/is /are being done现在进行时
(4)was/were done 一般过去时
(5)had been done 过去完成时
(6)was/were being done 过去进行时
(7)shall/will be done 一般将来时
(8)should/would be done 过去将来时
(9)shall/will have been done将来完成时(少用)
(10)should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)
⒉ 被动语态的特殊结构形式
① 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
如:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
② 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
如:His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
③ 当"动词+宾语+宾语补足语"结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
④ 在使役动词have,make,get 以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
如:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
⑤ 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如"动词+介词","动词+副词"等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
⒊ 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。
例:I don't like being laughed at in the public.