2)卷起(衣袖等)；向上折turn up the sleeves卷起衣袖 (喻)准备行动（或工作）turn up the ends of one's trousers卷起裤腿

3)turn sb up使某人作呕／难受It turns me up to think of children being made to suffer.

4)挖翻(泥土)；挖到，找到turn up the soil; turn up a word in a dictionary

turn (a)round转过身 turn in 上交，交回

turn away不理，避开 turn out结果是；生产；出来

turn down调小／低，不接受 turn back折回；返回

turn on开(灯等) turn off关（灯等） 3. I told you to be home by 6 o'clock and now it's 7 o'clock.（p21）我让你6点前到家，可是现在都7点了。

by

prep. before/not later than在......之前。by常用来表示时间的终点，有时可译为"到......时为止。"强调动作的完成时，by短语常与过去完成时及将来完成时连用。

[c.f.] by, before, until表示时间

by在......之前，不迟于，到......时止; before在......之前; until直到，用于肯定句中表示某动作一直延续到until短语所指的时间为止，用于否定句中，则表示某动作直到until短语所表示的时间时才发生。

①By the age of July，he had taught himself advanced maths.

②By the end of July，I'll have read all those books.

③Maybe by tomorrow morning the weather will have cleared up.

④Can you pay me back by Friday?

⑤He ought to be here by this time.

⑥By 1940, the number had grown to 98,500.

⑦My father has been so busy with his work recently and never come home before 10pm.

⑧I'll have to keep writing until 12 o'clock.

4. Don't you think this is a waste of time? (p21)难道你不认为这是浪费时间吗?

a waste of...浪费......

It's a waste of ...doing sth. 做某事是浪费......

waste...on/over sth. 在......上浪费......

waste...(in/on)doing sth. 浪费......做某事 ①It's a waste of time waiting any longer.

②Much energy is wasted producing things that are thrown away.