Hearing the news , he jumped up with joy.相当于As soon as he heard the news...（动作与主动词几乎同时发生）

2. After studying music in Vienna , Haydn went to work at the court of a prince in eastern Austria , where he became director of music. 在维也纳学习音乐之后，海顿去奥地利东部一个王子的宫廷工作。在那里他成了音乐指挥家。

After studying music in Vienna 是介词短语,用作状语,表示时间.因为after 用作介词,所以后面要接v.-ing 形式.这一部分可以改写为: after he studied music in Vienna

After graduating, she went to New York.

Before leaving, the gave us a performance. 离开前,他们为我们进行了表演。

3. By the time he was 14, Mozart had composed many pieces for the harpsichord, piano and violin, as well as for orchestras. 莫扎特到14岁的时候，不仅已经谱写了许多管弦乐曲，还谱写了许多拨弦键琴曲、钢琴曲和小提琴曲。

　As well as 不仅，相当于not only , 如：

　He is courageous as well as strong.. 相当于He is not only strong but also courageous.

　The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime. 相当于Not only the proofreaders but also the editors are working overtime.

　By the time "在......之前，到......为止"引导的时间状语从句。从句中如果用一般过去时，则主句用过去完成时；从句中如果用一般现在时，则主句用将来完成时.

　By the time he was 14, he had built a lab of his own.

　By the time the letter reaches you , I will have left the country.

4. Haydn met Mozart in 1781 and was very impressed with him.

海顿在1781年与莫扎特相遇，并对他留下了深刻的印象。

　Be impressed with... 对......留下印象。也可以用be impressed by\at... 如：I was deeply impressed by /with/at his speech.

　Impress 的其他用法：

　1) Impress sth upon/on sb 或者 impress sb with sth 使某人铭记某事物。如：

　My father impressed on me the importance of work. 或者 My father impressed me with the importance of work.

　2) impress sth upon/on sth 在某物上面印上某物。如：

　He impressed his name on the box.

5. However it was Haydn who encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna.

然而，是海顿鼓励贝多芬移居维也纳的。

　"It was...who..." 是强调句,该句强调了主语,正常的语序为 "Haydn encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna.

　强调句的基本句型: It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)... 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

(1) It was yesterday that I met Mary at the railway station.

(2) 强调句的一般疑问句型

Is/Was +it +所强调的成分+that/who/whom...?

Was it you that met Mary at the railway station yesterday?