sentences using the present or the perfect -ing form. Finally, get them to make a dialogue by using the -ing form.

T: Look at the two sentences on the screen. Can you see in what way they are similar and in what way they are different?

Show the two examples on the screen.

Looking carefully at the ground, I made my way to the edge of the crater.

Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice.

T: In what way are they similar to each other?

S1: "Looking carefully at the ground" and "Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already" are both used as adverbial to give information about time or reason. Their subjects are "I " which is also the subject of the main clause.

T: What's the difference?

S2: In the second sentence, the action "experience quite a few earthquakes" took place before the action "take much notice". While in the first sentence, the two actions take place at the same time.

T: Do you know what can also be used as adverbial to give information about time, reason and result?

S3: Adverbial clauses introduced by when, after, as, because