B．make dogs sympathetic to each other

C．help dogs understand different gestures

D．help dogs make friends with other dogs

解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，在狗与狗的交流中，calming signals主要用来避免或终止冲突。

3．When a dog yawns, it ________.

A．feels relaxed　　　　　　 　B．wants to play

C．needs a break D．wants to sleep

解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，狗打哈欠时想传达的信息是：它需要休息一下。

4．What will your dog do if it doesn't know what you want to express?

A．Bump its hip or butt.

B．Cock its head from side to side.

C．Refuse to look in your direction.

D．Turn the head to avoid eye contact.

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，当狗没有明白别人的意思时，它会仰着头左右晃动。

In the early 1970s, David McNeill, a psychology professor at the University of Chicago, was giving a talk in a Paris lecture hall when something queer caught his eye. There was a woman in the back of the room moving her arms in a way that seemed to convey exactly what he was saying. It took him a moment to realize that she was speaking, too, and another to realize that she was an interpreter, translating his words

into French. For McNeill, that moment of confusion made him realize that gesture and speech are not a s separate as they seem.

Gesture researchers have spent the past 40 years uncovering how movements are tied to speech. Regardless of their spoken language or culture, humans gesture when they talk. They gesture even if they have never seen gestures before - people who have been blind since birth do it - and they gesture even if they're talking to someone on the phone and know no one can see them. When speech is interrupted, so is gesture. In fact, gesture is so tightly bound to language that differences between languages show up as differences in gesture. In other words, the way you package your thoughts into speech is also how you package them into movement.

Researchers are especially interested in the times when gestures don't match speech. The mi smatch can be a valuable window to what's going on in the mind. For example, until about 7 years of age, children don't understand that if you pour a tall glass of water into a shorter, wider glass, the amount of water stays the same. They think the shorter glass contains less water. When asked to explain their reasoning, some children will say, "This one is shorter，" while gesturing that the glass is wider. That discrepancy (矛盾) shows they subconsciously grasp that both dimensions are important.

When we speak, we put our thoughts into words, and when we gesture, we put our