示过去的动作对现在的影响,并且表示这一动作已完成或还可能继续下去;一般过去时与现在的情况没有联系,仅表示过去的动作,且这一动作到说话时已终止。因此现在完成时不能与明确地表示过去时间的状语如when I was five years old, in 1949, yesterday, last week等连用,并且用when或where对这些时间或地点状语提问时,一般只用一般过去时。
(3)在"It is the first/second...time that..."或在"It/This/That is the +最高级+名词+that..."结构中,that从句中的动词常用现在完成时;由since引导的从句一般用过去时,主句用现在完成时。
2.过去完成时
(1)过去完成时适用的场合
①过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间常用by,before等构成的介词短语或一个时间状语表示出来,也可以暗含在上下文中。如:
I had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚饭前就把作业做完了。
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
我们到剧场时戏已经开始了。
By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.
到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多个病人。
②过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间。如:
He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year.
他在部队干了十年,去年退伍了。
He told me that he had known her since he was a child.
他告诉我他从小就认识她。
He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study.
他在去英国深造前,已学了八年英语。
③在一段情景连贯的文字中,先发生的事放在后面叙述时,要用过去完成时。如:
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.