With verbs of state that begin in the past and lead up to and include the present To express habitual or continued action With events occuring at an indefinited or unspecified time in the past -- with ever, never, before * He has lived here for many years. * He has worn glasses all his life. * Have you ever been to Tokyo before? Present Perfect Progressive To express duration of an action that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future * David has been working for two hours, and he hasn't finished yet. Past Perfect

to describe a past event or condition completed before another event in the past In reported speech * When I arrived home, he had already called. * Jane said that she had gone to the movies.