The first underground in the world

　　Welcome to① the London Underground, or as it is usually known②， the tube. It has the distinction of③ being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world. Rail④ services to London were first developed during the first half of the 19th century. However, most trains to London only went to the outer⑤ city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings⑥. Horse­drawn⑦ buses, trams⑧， cabs⑨ and carriages were used to convey\s\up1(10(10) people to and around the city centre. Unfortunately⑪， the number of vehicles on the road caused unbelievable⑫ traffic jams⑬， and the roads became so busy that no one could travel anywhere. This traffic problem led to⑭ the development of the under­ground system. ①welcome to ... 欢迎来到......

②as it is usually known 是 as 引导的方式状语从句。

③have the distinction of ... 在某方面卓越/优秀

④rail/reIl/n.铁路；栏杆，扶手；横杆

⑤outer/'aʊtə(r)/adj.远离中心的，外围的；外表的

⑥building railway ...是动名词短语，在 because 引导的原因状语从句中作主语。该原因状语从句使用了虚拟语气。相当于：if railway tracks had been built into the city, it would have damaged many old buildings。

⑦horse­drawn/'hɔːsdrɔːn/adj.用马拉的

⑧tram/træm/n.有轨电车　

⑨cab/kæb/n.出租车，的士

⑩convey/kən'veI/vt.运送，输送；表达

⑪unfortunately/ʌn'fɔːtʃənətlI/adv.遗憾地，不幸地，可惜地

⑫unbelievable/ˌʌnbI'liːvəbl/adj.非常坏(或非常好、非常极端)的，令人难以置信的

⑬traffic jams n．堵车，交通堵塞　⑭lead to 导致 　　

　　世界上第一条地铁

　　[第1段译文]

欢迎来到伦敦地铁--通常它被称为"管子"。伦敦地铁是世界上最古老且最复杂的地铁系统，并因此而享有盛名。早在19世纪上半叶就首次有了通往伦敦的铁路交通服务。