被动式being done 与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动作同时发生 完成式having done 主动式having done 与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动作发生 被动式having been done 与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生 　　

　　The park was full of people,enjoying themselves in the sunshine. (2015·北京高考单选)

　　公园里到处都是人，他们在阳光下玩得很愉快。

　　Having worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. (2015·天津高考单选)

　　工作了两天，史蒂夫如期完成了报告。

　　Having been held back by the traffic jam, she couldn't get there on time.

　　她被交通阻塞耽搁了，无法准时到达那里。

　　[即时演练1]　用所给词的适当形式填空

　　①(2015·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)In the newspaper of our school there is a column called "Foreign Culture"， aiming (aim) to introduce American customs and the life of high school students.

　　②(2014·安徽高考满分作文)Having_realized (realize) that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.

　　③Having_been_told (tell) the answer several times, he still couldn't answer the question.

　　二、动词­ing 形式作状语

　　动词的­ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式或伴随情况等。

　　1．时间状语

　　动词的­ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while, after引出。

　　①Hearing the result(＝When I heard the result), I couldn't help jumping.

　　听到这个结果，我不禁跳了起来。

　　②Having made full preparations(＝After we have made full preparations), we are ready for the examination.

　　做了充分的准备之后，我们准备参加考试。

　　2．原因状语

　　可以与as/since/because等引导的原因状语从句转换。

　　①Being so excited(＝As he was so excited), he couldn't go to sleep that night.　

由于非常激动，那晚他没睡着。