Notes to some difficult sentences

1. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really

knows. (reading) 最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。

本句中从属连词when引导的是动词know的宾语从句。而从属连词what引导的则是介词in 的宾语从句。

2. However, in 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico and after it lost the war,

Mexico had to give California to the United States. (reading)

declare 一词有几种常用的固定用法:

(1) declare war on/ upon/ against a state 向某国宣战

(2) declare it to be true (= declare that it is true.) 断言是真实的.

(3) declare for (against) sth. 表态支持(反对)某事

(4) declare oneself 表明态度：He declared himself (to be) satisfied.

3. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the railway from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. (reading)

这是一句典型的强调句,可以转化为: The building of the railway from the west to the east coast brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 由此可见，判断是否强调句的方法就是恢复原句，即去掉it is/ was 和 that后，如果剩下的成分仍能组成一个完整的句子，这就是强调句，否则就不是。

4．Now that you have read the text, you know a lot more about the pictures on pages 1-3.

now 在此为从属连词, 表"既然"。

Now (that) you mention it, I don remember.

Now (that) you are grown up, you must stop this childish behavior. Comprehension questions

1. California is not the state which has ______________ in the USA.

A. the largest population B. the largest Spanish-speaking population.

C. the largest Jewish population C. the largest Native American population

2. The first settlers in California____________.

A. were Native Americans B. came across the Bering Strait from Asia

C. were from South Americans. D. were gold miners

3. Which of the following is true?_________

A. The first people arrived in California fifteen thousand years ago.

B. Adventurers from all over the world achieved their gold dreams and returned home.

C. In 1821, the people of California gained their independence from Mexico.

D. Nowadays, people immigrate to California for its nice climate and lifestyle.

（Key：1. C 2. A 3. D） 【高考链接】

1. See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning.（2006 全国卷II）

A. when B. which C. where D. what

2. Please remind me ______ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.

（2006 全国卷II）

A. where B. when C. how D. what

3.--What did your parents think about your decision?

--They always let me do _____ I think I should. （2006 全国卷I）

A. when B. that C. how D. what

4. We haven't settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (2006 江苏)

A. if B. where C. whether D. that

5._______ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. (2006 辽宁)

A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever

6._______team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.（2006 山东）

A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever

7．One advantage of playing the guitar is _______ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.

(2006 上海)

A. how B. why C. that D. when

【巩固练习】

1. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ______ I disagree.

A. why B. where C. what D. how

2. We cannot figure out___ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.

A. that B. as C. why D. when

3. A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago.

A. what B. which C. that D. where

4. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, _______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.

A. where B. what C. that D. how

5. I think Father would like to know_____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.

A. which B. why C. what D. how

6. At last the soldiers reached ______ the locals called the Golden Triangle.

A. that B. where C. when D. what

7. ---Go and ask her _____ come.

---OK.

A. what time would she like to B. at what time she'd like to

C. when would she like to D. when she likes to

8. Human beings are different from animals______ they can use language as a tool to communicate.

A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which

9. Perseverance is a kind of quality －and that's _______ it takes to do anything well.

A. what B. that C. which D. why

10. I have not found my book yet; in fact, I am not sure_____ I could have done with it.

A. whether B. where C. what D. when

【汉译英】

1. 思想借助文字来表达。（by means of ）

2. 在这海岸外有无数的岛屿。(off the coast)

3. 维护你的大房子和花园需要多少花费？（keep up）

4. 似乎马上就要向敌人宣战了。(declare war on...)

5. 空气是气体的混合物,而非化合物。(mixture)

【答案及解析】

【高考链接】

1. D 本题句意为 "看到建筑物上面的旗子了吗， 那就是我今天上午做的事情。" 表语从句中what sb. do某人做了什么事情，what 为did 的宾语。

2. B 本题句意为"请提醒我他所说的离开的时间，以便我能及时的去送他。"in time是这句话的关键词，如果要及时赶上肯要弄清他离开的时间，因为宾语从句中的连接词应选when。

3．D 考查连词的用法。Do后接宾语从句， 同时引导词又做should的宾语，其中what在这里表示"所......的人或事"， 最合句意。

4. C of后的宾语从句中不缺地点，因此不用where；从句明显带有疑问色彩，因此that也不能用，介词后用whether 来引导名词性从句而不用if。

5. A 此题考察的是名词性从句中主语从句的用法。What 既是终于从句的引导词， 有在从句中做主语，起双重作用。

6．D 本题考察连词。No matter what / which 只能引导状语从句。本句 will go through是主语的谓语，所以主语为主语从句。本题句意为"无论哪一个队赢......"，所以选择whichever。

7．C 此句为表语从句，简单陈述advantage的内容之一。从句什么成分也不短缺，故只用that引导。

【巩固练习】

1．B 本题句意为 "你总是说人人都应该平等，而在这一点上我不同意你的看法。" 联系动词is后面跟的是表语从句，其中disagree是不及物动词，所以不能选what做宾语，因此选where来做disagree的状语，表示在哪一点上不同意你的看法。

2．C 名词性从句的中连词的选择方法是：缺什么补什么，什么都不缺用that。本题题意为：我们不清楚为什么很多昆虫、鸟类和其他动物濒临灭绝。根据题意此宾语从句中缺原因状语，因此选择C 项。

3．A 介词in后为宾语从句。此从句中缺少主语，因此选择what做宾语从句中谓语动词was 的主语。

4．C 根据题中的"...to do is..."可知主语从句中缺少主语,而选项中能做主语从句中主语的只有what。

5．C 本题中"be up to"的意思是"忙于，从事于，正在做"，后面要跟宾语，用做up to sth.。所以此题要选what 做介词to后的宾语。

6．D 本题宾语从句中含有主语the local 和宾语补足语 the Golden Triangle，但缺少宾语，所以选择what。

7．B 本题宾语从句中缺时间状语，所以选择B 项。A C用倒装句不正确，D项likes意思是"喜欢"，所以也不正确。

8．A 本题中that引导宾语从句。A is different from B 意思是A 与B 在某方面不同。

9．A 本题句意为；"毅力是一种品质，也是做好任何事情所需要的。"主句中谓语动词is后为表语从句。从句中缺少动词take（需要）的宾语，所以选择what。

10．C 本题考查名词性从句中连接词的用法。表示"如何处理"时，do with常与what 连用，what 做 do的宾语；而deal with 常与how连用。

【汉译英】

1. Thoughts are expressed by means of words.

2. There are numerous islands off the coast.

3. How much does it cost you to keep up your large house and garden?

4. It seems that war would be declared on enemies soon.

5. Air is a mixture ,not a compound, of gases,