the Sea". 可知海明威凭借《老人与海》这部小说获奖。

3. Whose works will you turn to if you are interested in a song written by Nobel Prize winner?

A. Mo Yan's. B. Bob Dylan's.

C. Claude Simon's. D. Rabindranath Tagore's.

【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章最后一部分Bob Dylan(2016)"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition". 可知鲍勃迪伦是因为音乐成就而获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

4. Who described real life experience in his historic works?

A. John Steinbeck. B. Mo Yan.

C. Ernest Hemingway. D. Winston Churchill.

【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文章第五部分Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill(1953)"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant speech skills in defending noble human values". 可知丘吉尔因为自传里对自己的生命经历的描述而获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are of course extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behavior. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as"nature and nurture".

　　Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts(本能).

　　Proponents of the"nurture"theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli(刺激)as the basis of their behavior.

　　Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching. In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some"nature"proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites. Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational