Complete the summary of the story with one word in each blank.

A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAN CAVES

A group of students from England came to the Zhoukoudian Caves for a visit. An archaeologist showed them __1__.

First the archaeologist described how early people lived in their __2__: They might have kept fire __3__ all winter to keep them warm, cook the food and__4__ wild animals away. They might have __5__ animal skins at the cave __6__ to keep out the cold. When the students saw a needle, she told them that early people might have used __7__ stone tools to cut up the animals and __8__ their skin. Then smaller scrapers might have been used to clean the __9__ and __10__ from them. After that they would have had to rub an__11__ amount of salt inside the skin to make it soft enough. Finally, they would have cut it and sewn the pieces together. At last she showed them a necklace. Some of the __12__ are made of animal bones but some are made of __13__? Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they traveled to the __14__ on their journeys.

（Key: 1. around 2. caves 3. burning 4. scared 5. hung 6. mouth 7. sharpened 8. remove 9. fat 10. meat 11. ample 12. beads 13. shells 14. seaside） Comprehension questions:

1. What is not mentioned about early people's using fire for?

A. keeping warm B. cooking the food C. lighting up caves D. scaring wild animals away

2. What might early people have used to keep out the cold?

A. cloth B. branches C. wood D. animal skins

3. What does the needle suggest?

A. Early people did wear clothes made from animal skins. B. Early people ate meat of animals.

C. Early people could make beautiful jewels. D. Early people could hunt wild animals.

(Key: C D A) Notes to some difficult sentences

1. It is a great pleasure to meet you, students from England, who are interested in archaeology. 很高兴见到你们这些从英国来的，对考古感兴趣的学生。

(1) 本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为to meet you， 其结构为It is + adj. / n. + to do sth.

It is necessary to ask her for help. 寻求她的帮助很有必要。

It is our duty to help poor people. 帮助穷人是我们的责任。

(2) 本句中的students为同位语

There seats are for us teachers, but those are for the students. 这些座位是给我们老师的，但那些座位是给学生的。

(3) who 引导了一个非限制性定语从句，往往表示与先行词的关系并不十分密切，只作一些附加说明。

Mr. Wu, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my husband.吴先生昨天来看我，是我丈夫的一位老朋友。

2. You must be aware that it's here that we're found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. 你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个部分最早人类的证据。

(1) aware adj. 意识到的、知道的，通常用作表语。

常见的搭配有：

be aware that...：Were you aware that your son was having difficulties at school? 你知道你儿子在学校学习有困难吗?

be aware of...：He was well aware of Sara's fear of heights. 他完全知道萨拉有恐高症。

(2) It's here that we've...是强调句，此句中强调的是地点状语here, 强调句的陈述结构为 It is /was +被强调部分+ that + 其他成份

It is not I who / that am angry.并不是我生气了。It was a key that I found in my pocket.在我口袋里找到了一把钥匙。

3. We have been excavating here for many years and ...

本句中用了现在完成进行时，其构成为 have /has + been + doing

表示从过去某时一直持续到现在的一个动作，这一动作会继续进行下去或是到说话时结束，但强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。

He has been waiting for 3 hours. 他一直等了三小时。

My hands are dirty. I have been painting the wall. 我的手脏。我一直在刷墙。

4. It must have been very uncomfortable. 想必是很不舒服了。

本句中出现了情态动词+have done 的用法,类似的用法还出现在了which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter 这一定语从句中。但must have done 与 might have done 的意思却有所不同。

(1)must have done 用于肯定中，表示对过去发生行为的肯定推测，"一定做过"

You must have left your umbrella in the theatre. 你一定是把伞落在剧院了。

(2)may / might have done 表示对过去发生的行为的推测，意为"可能做过......"，might 比may 的可能性更小。

She may/ might have missed the train. 她可能没赶上火车。

5. Ah yes, it seems to have been made of bone. 它看起来像是用骨头做的。

to have been made of bone 是不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作（状态）之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。

She seemed to have read the book before. 她好像看过这本书。

6．Do you mean to say they made their own clothes? 你的意思是说他们自己做衣服吗？

(1)mean to say意思是说（用于对刚刚说的话补充或解释）

Of course she wants to see the children, I mean to say, it's only natural. 她当然想着孩子们，我的意思是说这是人之常情。

(2) mean to do与 mean doing 的区别

mean to do打算做......： I meant to leave early. 我打算早点离开。

I didn't mean to interrupt your meal. 我不是有意打断你们吃饭。

mean doing 意味着： I'm determined to see my best friend even if it means traveling abroad by myself. 我决定去看我最好的朋友，即使这意味着我要独自出国旅行。

7. Our evidence suggests they did indeed wear clothes made from animal skins.

我们有证据表明他们的确穿的是用兽皮制的衣服。

(1)suggest vt. 表明：There was nothing to suggest that she intended to kill herself. 这有任何迹象表演明她有自杀倾向。

suggest 也可作"建议"，后接从句时，从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气为 should +V原，should 可以省去。

She suggested that we (should) write it into the contract. 她建议我们把它写进合同里。

suggest doing sth. 建议做某事：John suggested going together in one car. 约翰的建议大家坐同一辆车去。

(2) 句中的did 是用来强调谓语动词wear。在祈使句，一般现在时及一般过去时的句中可用助动词do, does, did来强调谓语，其中do ,does, did译为"的确，确实"。

Do come this evening. 今天晚上一定要早点来。

He did write to you last week. 他上个星期的确给你写信了。

Tom does study hard now. 汤姆现在的确学习努力了。