四、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语,但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。
1.不定式作主语
不定式短语作主语时,句子的谓语动词用单数形式。若不定式结构比较复杂,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语放在句子的后面。
To catch the 5:00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea.
赶早晨5点的公共汽车不是个好主意。
It is not a good idea to catch the 5:00 bus early in the morning.
早晨很早赶5点的公共汽车不是个好主意。
[点津] 在"It is+adj.+不定式复合结构"句型中,当其中的形容词用来说明不定式逻辑主语的性格特点时,要由of引出逻辑主语,不能用for。这类形容词主要有bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, honest, kind, nice, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, wise等。
It is very kind of you to help me.
你帮我真是太好了。
[考题印证]1
①(新课标全国卷Ⅰ) It took years of work to_reduce (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
②(山东高考改编) It's standard practice for a company like this one to_employ (employ) a security officer.
2.不定式作宾语
(1)下列动词的后面常跟不定式作宾语:
decide/determine, learn, choose, plan, refuse, promise, want/attempt, pretend, offer, manage, expect/wish/hope, agree, ask/beg, help, prepare, threaten, tend, claim, desire/long, apply, fail, hesitate。
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He can't afford to buy the expensive car.
他买不起那辆昂贵的小汽车。
[点津] 常接不定式作宾语的动词的记忆口诀:
决心学会选计划,拒绝答应想假装;
主动设法愿希望,同意请求帮一帮;
准备威胁易声称,渴望申请败踌躇。
(2)常用句型"主语+v.+it+adj./n.+to do sth."。其中,it为形式宾语,to do ...为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有:think, find, make, believe, consider, suppose, feel等。
I think it useful to learn a foreign language.
我认为学门外语很有用。
(3)一些动词既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语,但含义不同。