Guangzhou is the third largest city in China. And it not only has the third largest population in the country, but also is the most multicultural city. Few people in the North know the history of Guangzhou. At various times, people have been attracted from all overt China to this beautiful city. The first people arrived here the pre-history years. It is likely that, at least fifteen thousand years ago, the northern people had crossed the Changjiang River to come to this city by means of small boats which had been existing in prehistoric times. In the 16th century，people here suffered greatly from both flooding and drought. Many of them were forced into slavery. In addition, many died from terrible illnesses. But the strongest survived the terrible times.

... Additional Materials A retold passage of the text of CALIFORNIA

CALIFORNIA

Native Americans: Native Americans began living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. They 1 to cross the Bering Strait from Asia to Alaska by 2 of a land bridge. In the 16th century the native People 3 greatly.

The Spanish: In the18th century, California was 4 by Spain. They first arrived in South America in the early 16th century. Two centuries later, the Spanish had 5 in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the Untied States. So there is still a strong Spanish 6 in the state today.

Russians: 7 the early 1800s, Russian fur 8 began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.

Gold minors: In 1848, gold was discovered in California. The nearest, and the first to arrive were the South Americans, and people from the United States. 9 from Europe, then later from Asia and even the Pacific Islands arrived soon after. California became the thirty-first state of the United States of America in 1850. I is a 10 society now.

Later arrivals : The 11 of the railway from the west to the east coast brought larger numbers of Chinese to California in the 1860. Italians arrived in California in the late 19th century, and in 1911 immigrants from 12 established a town of their own. 13 the 1920s the film industry had been well 14 in Hollywood，California. Today California is the second largest Jewish 15 in the United States. Japanese farmers arrived in California at the 16 of the 20th century. People from Africa began living in California 17 the 1800s.

Most recent arrivals: In more recent 18 , California have become home to people from Asia,

19 Cambodian, Koreans, Vietnamese and Laotians.

The future: People from different parts of the world are still 20 to California.

（Key：1. managed 2. means 3. suffered 4. ruled 5. settled 6. influence 7. In 8 trappers 9. Adventurers 10. multicultural 11. building 12. Denmark 13. By 14. established 15. population 16. beginning 17. since 18. decades 19. including 20. immigrating） Notes to some difficult sentences

1. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really

knows. (reading) 最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。

本句中从属连词when引导的是动词know的宾语从句。而从属连词what引导的则是介词in 的宾语从句。

2. However, in 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico and after it lost the war,

Mexico had to give California to the United States. (reading)

declare 一词有几种常用的固定用法:

(1) declare war on/ upon/ against a state 向某国宣战

(2) declare it to be true (= declare that it is true.) 断言是真实的.

(3) declare for (against) sth. 表态支持(反对)某事

(4) declare oneself 表明态度：He declared himself (to be) satisfied.

3. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the railway from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. (reading)

这是一句典型的强调句,可以转化为: The building of the railway from the west to the east coast brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 由此可见，判断是否强调句的方法就是恢复原句，即去掉it is/ was 和 that后，如果剩下的成分仍能组成一个完整的句子，这就是强调句，否则就不是。

4．Now that you have read the text, you know a lot more about the pictures on pages 1-3.

now 在此为从属连词, 表"既然"。

Now (that) you mention it, I don remember.

Now (that) you are grown up, you must stop this childish behavior.