Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging (包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.

The U.S. Environment Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that "the production, distribution, and use of products--- as well as management of the resulting waste---all result in greenhouse release." Individuals can reducetheir contribution by creating less waste at the start --- for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.

In many countries, the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?

Governments' incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they process should be based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫) that encased your television?

From the governments' point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the cost and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.

31. By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intended to tell us that _______.

A. the weight of e-goods is rather small

B. e-waste deserves to be made good use of

C. natural materials contains more precious metals

D. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste

32. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended ______.

A. from producers to governments B.from governments to producers

C. from individuals to distributors D. from distributors to governments

33. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. The increase in e-waste. B. The creation of e-waste.

C. The seriousness of e-waste. D. The management of e-waste.

Suppose you become a leader inan organization. It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get started. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet those needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivation of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g. "I volunteer because it's important to me") to an external factor (e.g. "I volunteer because I'm required to do so.") When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activity a must.