1.be made up of/consist of　　由......组成，由......构成

2．name after 以......命名

3．aside from 除......之外

4．make contributions to 对......做出贡献

5．take control of 控制，取得对......的控制

6．lead to 导致

7．replace ...with ... 用......替代......

8．go through 经历

9．keep on 持续，继续 1.all over the world　　　　　　　全世界

2．at the end of the 9th century 在九世纪末期

3．the official language 官方语言

4．the first language 第一语言

5．raise animals 饲养动物

6．high­class people 上层社会人士

7．among all classes 在各个阶层中

8．mother tongue 母语

9．gain independence 赢得独立

10．lose face 丢脸；丢人 　　

　　三、这样记句式

先背熟 再悟通 后仿用 1.That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.

那就是英语有如此多令人困惑的规则的原因。 that is why ..."那就是......的原因"，why引导表语从句。 I always try to overcome difficulties.That_is_why I have always succeeded where others have failed.

我总是努力克服困难，那就是我总是在别人失败的事情上成功的原因。 2.Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language.

尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整250年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。 even though/if引导让步状语从句，意为"尽管，即使"。 He's the best teacher, even_though/if he has the least experience.

他虽然经验最少，却是最出色的老师。 3.After the Norman Conquest, high­class people spoke French while common people spoke English.

诺曼征服后，上层社会的人说法语，而普通人则说英语。 while引导并列句表示前后对比，意为"而"。 Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.

点头表示同意，而摇头表示不同意。