现在完成时 has/have done 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已

完成的动作。

I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.

2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往

和"for...", "since..."表述的一段时间状语连用。

He has learned English for six years.

They have worked here since they left college.

3.表示"曾经到过某地（人已回来）"用"have/has been to",表示"到某地去了（还未回来）"用"have/has gone to"。

-Where is Li Hua?

－He has gone to the reading-room.

-She knows a lot about Shanghai.

－She has been there.

4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），

join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态

中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.

要翻译"他已参军已经三年了。"可采用

①"ago法"

He joined the army three years ago.

②"延续法"

He has been in the army for three years.

③"since法"

It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 过去完成时 had done 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。

He had shut the door before the dog came up.

Everything had been all right up till this morning.

2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到

另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。

At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.

He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.

3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的

过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。

We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 将来完成时 will/shall have done 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短

语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。

We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下

去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 过去完成进行时 had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。 一般将来时 will/shall do

is/am/are going to do

is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况

（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）